Hungry scale worms: Phylogenetics of Peinaleopolynoe (Polynoidae, Annelida), with four new species.

Avery S Hatch,Haebin Liew,Greg W Rouse,Stéphane Hourdez

doi:10.3897/zookeys.932.48532

Abstract

Polynoidae Kinberg, 1856 has five branchiate genera: Branchipolynoe Pettibone, 1984, Branchinotogluma Pettibone, 1985, Branchiplicatus Pettibone, 1985, Peinaleopolynoe Desbruyères & Laubier, 1988, and Thermopolynoe Miura, 1994, all native to deep-sea, chemosynthetic-based habitats. Of these, Peinaleopolynoe has two accepted species; Peinaleopolynoe sillardi Desbruyères & Laubier, 1988 (Atlantic Ocean) and Peinaleopolynoe santacatalina Pettibone, 1993 (East Pacific Ocean). The goal of this study was to assess the phylogenetic position of Peinaleopolynoe, utilizing DNA sequences from a broad sampling of deep-sea polynoids. Representatives from all five branchiate genera were included, several species of which were sampled from near the type localities; Branchinotogluma sandersi Pettibone, 1985 from the Galápagos Rift (E/V “Nautilus”); Peinaleopolynoe sillardi from organic remains in the Atlantic Ocean; Peinaleopolynoe santacatalina from a whalefall off southern California (R/V “Western Flyer”) and Thermopolynoe branchiata Miura, 1994 from Lau Back-Arc Basin in the western Pacific (R/V “Melville”). Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using mitochondrial (COI, 16S rRNA, and CytB) and nuclear (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, and H3) genes. The analyses revealed four new Peinaleopolynoe species from the Pacific Ocean that are formally described here: Peinaleopolynoe orphanae Hatch & Rouse, sp. nov., type locality Pescadero Basin in the Gulf of California, Mexico (R/V “Western Flyer”); Peinaleopolynoe elvisi Hatch & Rouse, sp. nov. and Peinaleopolynoe goffrediae Hatch & Rouse, sp. nov., both with a type locality in Monterey Canyon off California (R/V “Western Flyer”) and Peinaleopolynoe mineoi Hatch & Rouse, sp. nov. from Costa Rica methane seeps (R/V “Falkor”). In addition to DNA sequence data, the monophyly of Peinaleopolynoe is supported by the presence of ventral papillae on segments 12–15. The results also demonstrated the paraphyly of Branchinotogluma and Lepidonotopodium Pettibone, 1983 and taxonomic revision of these genera is required. We apply the subfamily name Lepidonotopodinae Pettibone 1983, for the clade comprised of Branchipolynoe, Branchinotogluma, Bathykurila, Branchiplicatus, Lepidonotopodium, Levensteiniella Pettibone, 1985, Thermopolynoe, and Peinaleopolynoe.

Highlights

Within Polynoidae Kinberg, 1856, there are five genera and 25 accepted species distinguished by their presence of parapodial branchiae (Read and Fauchald 2019)
Known mostly from the Pacific Ocean, branchiate polynoids are native to deep-sea, chemosynthetic-based habitats; including volcanic seamounts (Miura and Hashimoto 1991), hydrothermal vents (Pettibone 1985a), methane seeps (Chevaldonné et al 1998), and organic remains such as whalefalls (Pettibone 1993)
We present new DNA sequence data for a series of known and new branchiate scale worm specimens including some from nearby the type localities for P. sillardi, P. santacatalina, B. sandersi, and T. branchiata

Summary

Introduction

Within Polynoidae Kinberg, 1856, there are five genera and 25 accepted species distinguished by their presence of parapodial branchiae (Read and Fauchald 2019). The branchiate genus of focus in this study, Peinaleopolynoe Desbruyères & Laubier, 1988 (two currently accepted species, distinguished by their presence of four pairs of ventral papillae on segments 12–15), was erected for Peinaleopolynoe sillardi Desbruyères & Laubier, 1988, collected on an artificial organic fall off the coast of Spain in the northeast Atlantic. The first part of the genus name is from the Greek πειναλεoσ (peinaleos), meaning hungry or famished, and is a reference by Desbruyères and Laubier to the attraction of these worms to food falls. This was prescient, since Peinaleopolynoe santacatalina Pettibone, 1993 was described for specimens associated with a whalefall, in the north east Pacific off California at 1240 m

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