Humoral Immune Responses to Burkholderia pseudomallei Antigens in Captive and Wild Macaques in the Western Part of Java, Indonesia.

Vincentius Arca Testamenti,Joko Pamungkas,Rachmitasari Noviana,Apichai Tuanyok,Aris Tri Wahyudi,Diah Iskandriati,Dondin Sajuthi,Michael H Norris,Treenate Jiranantasak

doi:10.3390/vetsci7040153

Vincentius Arca Testamenti, Joko Pamungkas + Show 7 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7040153

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Abstract

Burkholderia pseudomallei, the Gram-negative bacterium which causes melioidosis, is a threat to human and a wide range of animal species. There is an increased concern of melioidosis in Indonesian primate facilities, especially following case reports of fatal melioidosis in captive macaques and orangutans. Our preliminary serosurveillance of immunoglobulin G (IgG) to B. pseudomallei lipopolysaccharide showed that a significant number of captive and wild macaques in the western part of Java, Indonesia, have been exposed to B. pseudomallei. To better characterize the humoral immune response in those animals, a panel of assays were conducted on the same blood plasma specimens that were taken from 182 cynomolgus macaques (M. fascicularis) and 88 pig-tailed macaques (M. nemestrina) reared in captive enclosures and wild habitats in the western part of Java, Indonesia. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) in this study were conducted to detect IgG against B. pseudomallei proteins; alkyl hydroperoxide reductase subunit C (AhpC), hemolysin-coregulated protein (Hcp1), and putative outer membrane porin protein (OmpH). The performances of those immunoassays were compared to ELISA against B. pseudomallei LPS, which has been conducted previously. Seropositivity to at least one assay was 76.4% (139/182) and 13.6% (12/88) in cynomolgus macaques and pig-tailed macaques, respectively. Analysis of demographic factors showed that species and primate facility were significant factors. Cynomolgus macaques had higher probability of exposure to B. pseudomallei. Moreover, macaques in Jonggol facility also had higher probability, compared to macaques in other facilities. There were no statistical associations between seropositivity with other demographic factors such as sex, age group, and habitat type. There were strong positive correlations between the absorbance results of AhpC, HcpI, and OmpH assays, but not with LPS assay. Our analysis suggested that Hcp1 assay would complement LPS assay in melioidosis serosurveillance in macaques.

Highlights

Melioidosis, a disease caused by the saprophytic Gram-negative Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a threat to both human and animal health due to its considerably high mortality rate
Published reports of melioidosis in the veterinary field in Indonesia are even more limited; those include cases in three cynomolgus monkeys exported to Britain [7], one pig-tailed monkey exported to the US [8,9], one cynomolgus monkey in IPB primate research center [10], and two orangutans in the facilities of Bornean Orangutan Survival Foundation [11,12]
The absorbance values of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) against B. pseudomallei alkyl hydroperoxide reductase subunit C (AhpC), hemolysin-coregulated protein 1 (Hcp1), and outer membrane porinlipopolysaccharide protein (OmpH) are presented in Figure 3, in comparison with the results of ELISA against B. pseudomallei LPS

Summary

Introduction

Melioidosis, a disease caused by the saprophytic Gram-negative Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a threat to both human and animal health due to its considerably high mortality rate. The case fatality rate in humans is about 40% in highly endemic areas such as Thailand [1], 43% in Indonesia [2], and can reach 90% in patients with severe sepsis if untreated [1]. Published case reports in human medicine include cases of four tsunami survivors in Banda. Based on a retrospective study by Tauran et al [2], published melioidosis case reports in Indonesia do not represent the actual burden of the disease in the country. Many unpublished cases have been identified from hospitals in major cities such as Banjarmasin, Surabaya, Bandung, Jakarta, Yogyakarta, and Banda Aceh [2]. Published reports of melioidosis in the veterinary field in Indonesia are even more limited; those include cases in three cynomolgus monkeys exported to Britain [7], one pig-tailed monkey exported to the US [8,9], one cynomolgus monkey in IPB primate research center [10], and two orangutans in the facilities of Bornean Orangutan Survival Foundation [11,12]

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