Abstract
971) suggested that this represented a use of song selected to acquire male nest defense. In this case, as in the Black-headed Grosbeak, such deceptive behavior would be adaptive since both parties would ultimately benefit by the female's singing and the male's reaction to it, i.e., the bluebird nest is defended against a possible predator and the eggs or young of the grosbeak are not left unprotected when the female leaves the nest. I thank Keith L. Dixon for his assistance in this study. I also thank Susan Smith and an anonymous reviewer for helpful suggestions on the manuscript. This study was supported by grants from The Frank M. Chapman Memorial Fund of The American Museum of Natural History and from Sigma Xi.
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