Humidity-Dependent Survival of an Airborne Influenza A Virus: Practical Implications for Controlling Airborne Viruses

Abstract

Relative humidity (RH) can affect influenza A virus (IAV) survival. However, the mechanism driving this relationship is unknown. We hypothesized that the RH-dependent survival of airborne IAV could be predicted by the efflorescence/deliquescence divergent infectivity (EDDI) hypothesis. We determined three distinct RH response zones based on the hygroscopic growth factor of carrier aerosols. These zones were classified as the super-deliquescence zone (RH > 75%), the hysteresis zone (43% < RH < 75%), and the sub-efflorescence zone (RH < 43%). We added IAV (H3N2) to protein-enriched saline and aerosolized it into sub-efflorescence or superdeliquescence zone air, yielding aerosols in the effloresced or noneffloresced state, respectively. We then adjusted the RH to an ergonomically comfortable RH (60%). Fifteen minutes post-aerosolization, the surviving fractions (arithmetic means ± standard errors) of virus were higher in effloresced aerosols (9.5 ± 0.5%) than in non-effloresced aerosols (0.40 ± 0.05%). A virus suspension was also aerosolized directly into air within the super-deliquescence, hysteresis, and sub-efflorescence zones to assess the impact of the sudden change in RH from an initial 100% saturated RH to these zonal ranges. Fifteen minutes post-aerosolization, the surviving fractions were 3 ± 0.4%, 2 ± 0.1%, and 12 ± 2%, respectively. Survival following gradual adaptation to the hysteresis zone RH range was sustained in effloresced and reduced in the non-effloresced aerosols. The EDDI model predicted the survival of IAV under seasonal conditions, offering strategies for controlling indoor air infection.