Humidity-Dependent Surface Structure and Hydroxide Conductance of a Model Quaternary Ammonium Anion Exchange Membrane

Abstract

Anion exchange membrane (AEM) fuel cells (AEMFCs) are a promising cost-effective alternative energy conversion technology because of the potential implementation of earth-abundant catalysts, obviating the need for precious metals. AEMs, however, have low conductivity and suffer from poor stability. The conductivity of the AEM is inherently tied to the complex phase-separated morphology, as its dependence on the hydration level is not well understood. In this report, we employ phase-contrast tapping mode and conductive-probe atomic force microscopy (cp-AFM) to study the nanoscale surface morphology and hydroxide conductance of a commercially available quaternary ammonium (QA) AEM by FuMA-Tech GmbH (Fumapem FAA-3). The chemical structure of FAA-3 consists of a poly(phenylene oxide) backbone with QA functionality. The morphology of FAA-3 was observed in the bromide (FAA-3-Br-) and hydroxide form (FAA-3-OH-) in dehydrated and hydrated conditions. Under dehydrated conditions, both membranes showed no phase contrast, indicating the absence of phase-separated hydrophilic domains at the surface. At hydrated conditions, FAA-3-Br- shows randomly dispersed isolated clusters, while FAA-3-OH- shows elongated fibrillar structures extending microns in length. cp-AFM of hydrated FAA-3-OH- showed that these elongated regions were insulating. These results provide morphological evidence for the conduction of hydroxide at the surface and its dependence on the hydration level.