Abstract
When viewing pupil sizes change, our own pupil sizes change, a phenomenon known as pupillary contagion. This involuntary response is reliable between humans but can be affected by familiarity and empathy. We investigated whether the pupillary contagion response occurs for humans viewing familiar species—cats and dogs—and whether it is modulated by preferences for particular species. Pupil sizes were measured while viewing cat, dog and human images with small, medium and large pupils. Trait empathy, cat and dog affiliation and experience were subsequently measured. There was an image pupil size effect, but this did not vary by species. There was greater pupil size change to cats and dogs than to humans, but this might have been due to the varying size and appearance of the cats and dogs. Greater dog affiliation was also associated with smaller overall pupil size change to dogs and larger change to humans, but this did not interact with image pupil size. Dog affiliation might be associated with less arousal to dog images. In sum, pupillary contagion responses indicate a spontaneous transfer of information about internal states and the findings suggest that humans are sensitive to this across species, regardless of individual preference.
Highlights
Some behaviours are ‘contagious’ occurring involuntarily after viewing someone else engage in those behaviours (Chartrand and Lakin, 2013)
We investigated whether the pupillary contagion response occurs for humans viewing familiar species—cats and dogs—and whether it is modulated by preferences for particular species
A key question here was whether there would be an effect of viewing varying pupil sizes of non-humans from a familiar species, and whether this contagion tendency is related to individual difference characteristics such as empathy, affiliation with cats and dogs, or experience with cats and dogs
Summary
Some behaviours are ‘contagious’ occurring involuntarily after viewing someone else engage in those behaviours (Chartrand and Lakin, 2013). ‘Pupillary contagion’ is a term used to describe the similar change in pupil size when observing someone else’s pupils constrict or dilate (Simms, 1967; Hess, 1975; Harrison et al, 2009). It occurs across the lifespan and emerges early in life as it has been found with infants as young as 4 to 6 months of age (Fawcett et al, 2016, 2017).
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