Humans in the upstream can exacerbate climate change impacts on water birds\u2019 habitat in the downstream

Climate change is one of today's biggest problems and a major concern and continues globally. Due to population growth, the increasing needs and industrial activities of people negatively affect most of the natural resources. Hydrology and water supply system; it is in close contact with industry, agriculture, city and economic areas, and water resources are exposed to the negative effects of climate change. The most important effect of the greenhouse effect and global warming caused by human activities and other reasons is the emergence of imbalances in the ecosystem by making the climate warmer and more variable. The negative effects of global climate change are mostly seen on water resources, agricultural activities, forest areas, sea level, soil characteristics, ecological balance, social life, energy, human health and biodiversity. Studies to examine the effects of climate change on hydrological and water resources have theoretical and realistic meanings. It is important to understand the problems in water resources, disturbances in the ecological balance and the causes of many problems caused by climate change and to know the effects of climate change on the ecosystem in order to solve them. Thus, it will be easier to develop strategies that can combat problems that may arise due to climate change today and in the future. Turkey also between in the risk group country in terms of climate change and its adverse effects. In this study, by analyzing climate change, the causes and effects of climate change, and especially the negative effects of climate change on water resources, solution suggestions are presented in order to eliminate or minimize the negative effects that occur. Key Words: Climate, Global warming, Climate change, Water resources. DOI: 10.7176/JSTR/6-11-07

Climate change: how soon is now?

Targeting research to underpin climate change adaptation for birds J. W. PEARCE-HIGGINS,* R. B. BRADBURY, D. E. CHAMBERLAIN, A. DREWITT, R. H. W. LANGSTON & S. G. WILLIS BTO, The Nunnery, Thetford, Norfolk IP24 2PU, UK RSPB, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, UK Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e dell’Uomo, Universita di Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy English Nature, Northminster House, Peterborough PE1 1UA, UK Institute of Ecosystem Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK

Climate change and extreme weather shocks pose serious threats to a number of agricultural outcomes, including agricultural production, productivity, and income, especially when households depend heavily on this activity. Agricultural extension and rural advisory services are key instruments in promoting technical change, advancing agricultural productivity growth and, ultimately, improving farm livelihoods, and are expected to mitigate the negative effects of climate change and extreme weather shocks. Their mitigation effects, however, may vary depending on the sex of the recipient. This paper investigates the role of sex-disaggregated agricultural extension recipients in contexts where agricultural performance of farm households is affected by weather variability. To this aim, we match multiple rounds of panel microdata from the nationally representative, consumption-based Living Standards Measurement Study -Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA), collected in four sub-Saharan African countries, with remote sensing data on biophysical dimensions over a long-term horizon as well as year-specific weather shocks. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a micro-level dataset with individual-level information on agricultural extension services’ recipients has been assembled and examined to investigate the effects of extreme weather shocks and climate change. Applying panel data econometric estimators, the study finds that agricultural extension and advisory services translate into higher agricultural performance of farm households where women are also among the beneficiaries, as compared to non-beneficiaries and households where beneficiaries are men only. Moreover, these services can mitigate the negative effects of weather variability and climate change, controlling for country and time fixed effects as well as holding all other variables constant. These results call for national and international policies and interventions strengthening rural advisory services, especially targeted to women in settings where household livelihoods are predominantly agriculture-based and weather variability and shocks are expected to negatively affect farming activities.

The impact of climate change has become a very important topic and can have a direct impact on predator-prey interactions. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce a novel competitive predator-prey model under the negative effects of climate change due to its effects and importance. Based on their different properties, Holling type I and II functional responses are considered to be two different models for studying dynamic behaviors. Two approaches to the negative impacts of climate change are assumed: static and periodic changes. Firstly, models with negative climate change are taken as static changes. The existence, positivity, and boundedness of solutions are established. Local and global stability conditions are obtained for all feasible equilibrium points. The Hopf bifurcation is investigated, by taking climate change constants, as bifurcation parameters. Which shows that the model with Holling type I is globally stable whenever there exists an internal equilibrium point. However, the model with Holling type II contains two dynamics: stable and limit cycle dynamics. Uniform persistence is proved, and various extinction scenarios have been analytically yielded. In addition, numerical simulations are used to demonstrate and verify our theoretical findings. Negative climate impacts have a significant impact on system stability as well as on the coexistence and extinction of species. Secondly, models with negative climate change are considered periodic changes taking seasonality into account, which is considered tangible evidence of climate change. The dynamics of these effects are investigated numerically. Due to the existence of seasonality, the dynamics become more complex and different, as there are multiple cycles and chaos, which makes the systems more realistic for describing some environments due to the presence of some environmental impacts. The findings of this study show many undesirable scenarios for predator-prey interactions due to negative climate change. In light of these findings, many phenomena and changes due to negative climate change in ecosystems can be explained and predicted from an ecological point of view.

Southern part of Bangladesh is one of the most affected areas confronting the effects of climate change especially in agricultural sector. The study was planned to examine effect of climate change on agriculture in the saline prone areas, and estimate the level of contribution of the selected characteristics of the farmers to the effect of climate change on agriculture. For this reason, data were collected from 88 farmers under study group and 30 farmers under control group from 16 March, 2017 to 15 April, 2017. Descriptive statistics, multiple regression, t-test were used for data analysis. There was a negative effect of climate change on agriculture comparing the study and control group changed score from 2015 to 2017. In case of study group, 61.4 percent of the farmers had medium effect, 17.0 percent had low effect and 21.6 percent of the farmers had high effect of climate change on agriculture. It was also found that out of eleven factors, seven namely age, level of education, annual family income, farming experience, training exposure, agricultural knowledge and knowledge on climate change had significant contribution to the effect of climate change on agriculture in the saline prone areas. It is concluded that climate change may play a significant role in decreasing the yield of cereal crops, yield of vegetables, yield of pulses and increasing number of adopted new varieties of agricultural crops by the farmers. It is recommended that the Bangladesh government and NGOs should take initiative for reducing effect of climate change on agriculture for a sustainable agricultural development.

The impact of global climate change on health negatively affects human life and well-being. The pharmaceutical industry needs to be among the sectors with low greenhouse gas emissions in mitigating the negative impact of climate change. Because reducing greenhouse gas emissions provides a net benefit for human health. Therefore, effective strategies of pharmaceutical companies that lead to greenhouse gas emission reductions are important today. The websites of pharmaceutical companies in Turkey were scanned, their activity reports and notifications were evaluated, and environmental policies aimed at reducing the negative impacts of climate change on human health were examined. In this context, the websites of pharmaceutical companies that entered the ISO 500 and ISO second 500 evaluations between 2009-2024 were included in the research. 15 domestic pharmaceutical companies were included in the research. According to the results of the research, it can be stated that pharmaceutical companies have environmentally friendly activities such as renewable energy use, electric vehicle use, waste management, recycling, emission reduction, technological innovation, water management, and air pollution prevention to reduce the negative effects of climate change on human health. When Greenhouse Gas Protocol evaluations are examined in greenhouse gas reduction strategies in terms of public health, it is seen that the majority of pharmaceutical companies have completed independent institution audits regarding Greenhouse Gas Protocol recommendations and made planned and systematic evaluations in scope 1, scope 2 and scope 3, and the aim of these evaluations includes environmental policies aimed at reaching net zero emissions in the future. In addition, pharmaceutical companies monitor the negative effects of climate change by creating professional staff on energy and climate management. Pharmaceutical companies also provide support by conducting awareness activities in society. The practices carried out by pharmaceutical companies are important in the context of the formation of environmental policies.

PurposeWinery operators and viticulturalists alike face many challenges in their daily and annual work cycle; not least the challenge of producing annually a consistent quality product and getting that product to the market in an ever competitive marketplace. While climate has always been a factor when it comes to meeting this challenge, it has become all the more pronounced recently due to the effects of global climatic change. Against this background, this paper aims to explore the effects of climate change from the perspective of winery operators in three prominent Spanish wine producing regions.Design/methodology/approachWineries in La Mancha, La Rioja and Penedès, totalling 570, were contacted electronically and invited to participate in an online survey. Of these businesses, 94 participated, a 16.5 per cent response rate.FindingsWhile it was found that generally climate change is not among growers' main challenges, three distinct groups emerged from this study: the “unbelievers,” the cautiously sceptical and the “believers”. This last and largest group of respondents (41.5 per cent) not only acknowledges changes due to climate change, but also strategies already in place to minimise the effects of climate change, suggesting the severity of the problem.Research limitations/implicationsComparisons among the three participating wine regions were not possible due to the low number of respondents from one of the regions. Also, the total number of respondents does not allow for making the study's findings generalisable.Practical implicationsThe wine industry, its stakeholders and government agencies need to work together to monitor any changes and find ways to address negative effects of climate change that may result in increased water usage, pesticides or changes in labour demand.Originality/valueThe study provides new insights into climate change according to winery operators' perspectives, an area that to date has received very limited attention from researchers.

Ukraine's population living in cities is about 68%. The tendency of population growth and increasing their concentration in large cities of the country is anticipated. There happens the formation of a qualitatively new urbanized environment. The relevance of this study stems is dued to the global report on human settlements “Cities and climate change: strategy directions” (United Nations Human Settlements Program, 2011). The consequences of urbanization and climate change are dangerously combined, threatening environmental, economic and social stability in the world. The report aims to raise awareness of governments and anyone who's interested in the strategic development of cities on a number of topical issues: the impact of cities on climate change; the impact of climate change on cities; the role of cities in consequences mitigation. The aridity of climate has significantly increased in Ukraine, during the last decades. This article discusses the main effects of climate change, mitigation measures, and ways to adapt the urban environment. The factors affecting the increased climate change in the urban environment are described here. And the negative effects of climate change in the cities of the country are analyzed. Much attention is paid to the problem of the formation of heat island in an urban environment. The heat island is the result of a temperature anomaly over the central part of the city and factor influencing the manifestation of heat stress. The leaded research has been analyzed in next direction: heat stress - as a consequence of climate change in an urbanized city environment. Here were learned the groups of measures to improve the adaptability of the city to the negative effects of climate change. The article deals with research on modeling urban spaces. Much attention is paid to developing a plan for adapting the urban environment to climate change. The fountains were recognized as the main architectural and construction method for adapting large cities of the country to heat stress. The evolution of the development of modern fountains as architectural objects in the urban environment is traced, as well as a historical change in the functional content. Modern fountains are “living” urban air conditioners that regulate the climate of the urban environment (cool and moisten the air, reduce air pollution). The noise of urban street fountains, created by the variety of water sounds, improves the sound of urban areas affected by traffic noise. Fountains contribute to increasing the comfort of an urbanized city environment and increasing the adaptation of cities to heat stress. Here's clarified the definition of the term. A fountain is a specific structure for improving the climate of the environment with all the main and auxiliary devices and equipment that belong to it (State Standard D.1.1-1: 2013 Rules for determining the cost of construction). Here's raised the issue of the rational use of water resources in the organization of fountains in an urban environment. The article examines the experience of building fountains in countries with arid climate. Described in detail: • The Bellagio fountain in Las Vegas - the brand identity of tourist destinations, internationally recognized as the most spectacular; • The Dubai Fountain is the largest fountain in the world, a prime example of the rational use of water resources. As a result of the study, the following conclusions were made: modern fountains help to reduce the negative effects of climate change, reduce the manifestation of heat stress, passively cool urban spaces, normalize the functioning of urban energy systems, reduce air pollution, improve the quality of used water. Fountains also improve the sound of urban areas affected by traffic noise. Fountains as a part of the city’s adaptation plan to climate change manifestations increase the adaptability of the urbanized city environment to heat stress and carry out a set of measures aimed at increasing the comfort of urban areas. Creating interactive maps of cool zones with the presence of fountains on the territory of large cities where people can spend a hot day, and giving a block of such information to maps located in the city for tourists are the first steps to improve the adaptation of cities to climate change. Also, fountains are a tourist potential for the development of recreation zones and the historical part of the cities of Ukraine.

Introduction Climate change can no longer be ignored. It is globally recognised that the evidence for climate change is unequivocal and that action needs to be taken in order to address its negative effects. These effects, such as warmer and drier summers and more extreme rainfall, may threaten the quality of life of those living in urban environments. To limit these threats, a number of climate change adaptation measures can be taken to pre-empt the negative effects of climate change. The challenge of increasing the implementation of climate change adaptation measures is addressed in this thesis by engaging the construction sector while focusing on the housing stock that is owned and maintained by Dutch housing associations. By implementing climate change adaptation measures, dwellings will become more resilient to some of the effects of climate change, becoming less vulnerable for damage and ensuring the comfort, safety and quality of life of their occupants. Because housing associations are regarded as societal entrepreneurs, these are expected to use resources and commercial profits to achieve societal aims that are in the common interest, such as making timely adaptations, so that changing climatic conditions cannot threaten the quality of their dwellings. Moreover, there are relatively few housing associations compared to the number of houses they own and maintain. In 2012, there were 381 housing associations that owned and maintained a stock of 2.4 million dwellings, representing 32% of the total Dutch housing stock. This means that approaching the Dutch social rented sector was seen as an effective way of generating a greater societal impact. In the past decade, external influences such as the recent economic crisis and political pressure, have led housing associations to become more cost effective and to make changes in their organisational strategies, which has resulted in the adoption of more integrated project delivery methods, such as partnering. These integrated methods aim to involve the construction sector early in the development of plans so that they can contribute their expertise. This creates a more efficient construction and maintenance process and delivers dwellings of higher quality. The housing associations cannot pre-empt all the effects of climate change alone. For adaptation measures at the neighbourhood level, they are dependent on collaboration with other stakeholders such as municipalities, but there are measures that can be applied at the building level, which falls within their range of influence. An example is the application of lighter colours on building façades in order to reflect radiation and reduce the air temperature close to the façades. The hazards of overflowing sewage systems caused by extreme precipitation can be reduced by applying measures to retain water temporarily, such as ‘green roofs’ or to ensure effective drainage such as open pavements. These measures reduce the peak load on the sewage system. Another effective measure is the use of materials that are not negatively affected by water so that if, despite all the precautionary measures, flooding does occur, the consequences would be less severe. Problem formulation This research assesses the potential of adopting a partnering approach as a governance tool with which to increase the implementation of climate change adaptation measures like those described above. The housing stock owned by Dutch housing associations is taken as a case study. Involving the construction sector through a partnering approach is promising, since construction companies are the ones who carry out the works. Their early commitment reduces the risks of miscommunication or failure and enhances opportunities for innovative solutions. By doing this, not only do housing associations take responsibility for their actions, but the construction sector as a whole gains more responsibility for solving societal challenges and is enabled to co-create solutions that can then be disseminated more easily. The main research question is: How can partnering in construction increase the implementation of climate change adaptation measures in dwellings owned by Dutch housing associations? Research approach and results To formulate an answer to this research question, several separate studies were conducted. First, the characteristics of three types of governance were studied in a literature review, these being hierarchic, market and network governance. Based on these types of governance, many tools have been developed over time, but to increase the implementation of climate change adaptation measures in social housing, not all tools are equally successful, at least not from a theoretical point of view. To improve the implementation of measures, tools could be combined to create a more solid basis for action, and there is room for extra governance tools in the current palette. Based on the literature review on partnering, it was concluded that this could be classified as a combined ‘market’ and ‘network’ type of tool. The market aspect refers to the knowledge of climate change adaptation that is gained by the participating construction companies, which can imply a competitive advantage for them. The network aspect is closely linked to collaboration within a partnering approach. In other contexts, the partnering approach has been shown to remove the barriers of fragmentation in the construction sector; to provide for a more efficient and integral construction process, and to allow for the easier flow of knowledge on climate change adaptation. Next, the current state of knowledge among housing associations was studied with regard to climate change adaptation measures for the housing stock. A content analysis was conducted on the annual reports and policy plans of the 25 largest Dutch housing associations and revealed that they display no awareness of climate change adaptation in their policy documents. As such, they were categorised as ‘unaware’. However, this does not mean that the building stock is not being adapted to climate change, because in the annual reports they state that they have applied climate change adaptation measures, although they do not name these as such. This means that applying adaptation measures is neither impossible nor unrealistic, as long as they are not implemented solely for climate change adaptation purposes, but for other reasons as well, such as energy-efficiency. In contrast to the corporate policy documents, interviews with individual policy-makers showed that housing associations are aware of climate change at a global scale. However, in relation to climate change adaptation measures in their daily work, such as the impact of flooded streets and overheating interiors of dwellings, awareness is low. They could not name many threats or adaptation measures. However, once they had been made aware of the need for such measures, the employees were fairly well capable of assessing them, even though the implementation of measures was evaluated as unfeasible in most cases. The main reason provided was that the housing associations did not have policy guidelines in place for such adaptation measures. Moreover, in many cases there were financial and/or technical barriers that would have to be addressed first. There was a consensus among employees that all the measures would have a positive effect on the comfort of the dwellings. Partnering in construction can help to increase the implementation of adaptation measures because it can overcome many of these challenges. For this reason, the way that housing associations and construction companies carry out refurbishment projects in a partnering approach was also studied. The researcher participated in a knowledge exchange project in which housing associations and construction and maintenance companies had formed dyads and carried out a refurbishment project. They exchanged their experiences on a regular basis through interviews and plenary sessions. In the interviews, employees of housing associations and construction and maintenance companies were asked how they dealt with the success factors for partnering, which were derived from literature. These success factors were trust, leadership, partner capabilities, commitment, conflict resolution, coordination and communication. Although they did not address all these success factors equally well, the study showed that Dutch housing associations and construction and maintenance companies are indeed capable of carrying out housing refurbishment projects in a partnering approach. This allows for the selection of the construction process as a governance tool with which to implement climate change adaptation measures. These measures are considered new products that can be installed with the aim of improving the technical and functional quality of dwellings. In that sense, they are perceived as product innovations, with the dwellings being the ‘products’ and/or assets of the housing associations. This perspective corresponds with the definition1: “[An innovation is] a new idea that is implemented in a construction project with the intention of deriving additional benefits although there might have been associated risks and uncertainties. The new idea may refer to new design, technology, material component or construction method deployed in a project”. Subsequently, the employees of the housing associations and construction and maintenance companies were asked how they dealt with the implementation of innovations using surveys. Although several studies indicate that innovation can benefit when projects are based on an integrated construction process such as partnering, the current study concludes that partnering does not automatically lead to product innovation. Most of the respondents saw partnering itself as the innovative aspect of their projects – i.e. a process innovation. That process innovation required so much attention that there was less emphasis on opportunities for product innovations. This should be taken into account when developing governance tools to encourage the implementation of product innovations in dwellings such as climate change adaptation measures. Moreover, the choice of partnering as a project delivery method as a governance tool is less likely to resolve issues regarding policy, which remain a barrier for the implementation of measures. In addition, other parties can also become involved, to generate resources for the implementation of measures by housing associations. The adoption of partnering as a project delivery method is therefore not the only possible governance tool. To increase the implementation of climate change adaptation measures, two more conceptual approaches were developed by the researcher in addition to the initially hypothesised partnering approach. These additional conceptual approaches involved policy development by housing associations vis-à-vis climate change adaptation measures and collaboration with external actors who face the same challenges in order to enhance efficiency in solving these issues together. The feasibility of the three conceptual approaches was verified by means of a SWOT analysis performed with practitioners from housing associations and construction companies as well as external players such as water authorities, insurance companies and municipalities. The results of the SWOT analysis made it clear that single-pronged conceptual approaches are unlikely to be successful because they involve serious weaknesses or threats. A combination of conceptual approaches is much more likely to remove the barriers that obstruct the implementation of climate change adaptation measures. The conceptual approaches were therefore combined and renamed as implementation strategies. In on-line questionnaires carried out among all Dutch housing associations, it was assessed if the housing associations found it likely that these strategies would indeed lead to the implementation of climate change adaptation measures. In general, the respondents assessed the feasibility of all strategies as unlikely to neutral. There was no strategy that clearly stood out as more feasible for the implementation of climate change adaptation measures. However, a considerable number of housing associations assessed one or more implementation strategies positively and saw opportunities for the implementation of measures, albeit framed differently, such as measures to increase energy-efficiency or enhance comfort. Conclusion Based on the findings outlined above, the answer to the main research question is: Partnering in construction can increase the implementation of climate change adaptation measures in dwellings owned by housing associations, when it is understood as a catalyst for information-sharing and increased efficiency in the construction process. By looking for shared interests between housing associations and the construction sector, the chances of implementing adaptation measures increase. However, if other stakeholders are involved as well, and if housing associations embed climate change adaptation in their policy guidelines, the likelihood of implementation would increase even more. Although none of the implementation strategies stood out clearly as the strategy most likely to result in the implementation of climate change adaptation measures, a considerable number of housing associations assessed various implementation strategies positively. If the construction process becomes more network-based, which is the case when a partnering approach is adopted, many more parties can become involved and contribute to the implementation of climate change adaptation measures. In such a situation, it no longer matters who introduces the subject during the plan development and construction process, as long as it ends up there and action is taken. To implement these measures more easily, the framing is very important. Climate change adaptation is not enough reason in its own right to begin implementing measures. Insulation to prevent overheating in the summer is considered an ‘extra’ measure - the necessity of which is still questioned by policymakers, for example. However, if the same measure is framed as an energy-saving measure, it is also a cost-cutting measure, which increases the likelihood that policymakers will start making plans to implement it! Scientific implications of the results This thesis has contributed to the development of governance tools to increase the implementation of climate change adaptation measures in dwellings, while current adaptation strategies predominantly target the national or local levels of the built environment. Moreover, this thesis has examined the adoption of partnering as a project delivery method and a governance tool with which to bridge the theoretical fields of network governance and integrated construction and maintenance processes. It extends the palette of governance tools that traditionally consists of information tools, tools relating to the division of property rights, incentives and regulatory tools. It has proven that housing associations can successfully adopt partnering approaches. As such, partnering is a feasible approach by which to increase the implementation of innovative measures such as climate change adaptations. Practical implications The assessment of the five implementation strategies showed that adapting housing for climate change has a low priority as a separate policy field. It is a relatively new area for policymakers, so they may be reluctant to believe that measures are likely to be implemented. Moreover, many other topics may take a higher priority for them, such as improving energy-efficiency and thereby also the affordability of dwellings, and/or preparing the dwellings for an ageing population. In the literature on climate change adaptation, it is suggested that mainstreaming climate change adaptation is the best course, which implies attaching the adaptation policy to existing policy frameworks. This would make policymakers aware of the topic of climate change adaptation and they could look for synergies between measures that were already planned and measures related to climate change adaptations. The refurbishment and maintenance process of housing associations provides opportunities for the mainstreaming of adaptation measures. Housing associations are facing an ageing stock that needs to be improved if it is to continue to meet the ever increasing basic requirements of tenants in terms of quality and comfort and increasingly strict energy-efficiency standards. Since climate change is occurring gradually, there is still time to adapt the building stock gradually, in step with the renovation and maintenance cycles of the housing associations. Bringing in external players, especially municipalities and water authorities, would appear to be a highly feasible approach, given their shared interest in the quality of life in local areas. Bringing together the construction partners requires governance tools that inform them of the benefits of partnering. Particularly if construction companies are to be responsible for the renovation and the maintenance for the rest of the service life of the dwellings, they could focus on improved design solutions that aim to create resilient dwellings, and/or using materials that would be less affected by the effects of climate change. The role of tenants in the implementation of climate change adaptations is primarily that they might exert ‘bottom-up’ pressure by requesting action from housing associations. But for this to happen, they would likely need to be informed about the effects of climate change on their dwellings and/or neighbourhoods, in order for them to be motivated to ensure that their homes are climate change resilient.

Зміну клімату визнано однією з найсерйозніших сучасних загроз довгостроковим цілям суспільного розвитку. В сільському господарстві такі зміни провокують недоотримання агровиробниками гарантованих доходів і ризики продовольчої безпеки й здатні в цілому негативно вплинути на стійкість агросистеми. Забезпечення стійкості сільськогосподарського виробництва пов’язане з його екологізацією, кліматичною нейтральністю й високою опірністю негативним наслідкам різких кліматичних змін. Дослідження ризиків стійкості сільськогосподарського виробництва повинно мати системний характер і прив’язку до конкретних умов певної території.Ризики стійкості вітчизняного агровиробництва пропонується групувати за економічною, кліматичною, екологічною, соціальною сферами їх прояву. Для ефективної протидії негативним наслідкам кліматичних змін у сільгоспвиробництві й зменшення впливу на клімат з боку аграрного сектору необхідними є своєчасне прогнозування й управління відповідними ризиками, для чого має бути сформована система індикаторів стійкості. Це дозволить визначати вразливості й прогалини в спроможності забезпечення стійкості, а також оцінювати ефективність заходів з нівелювання негативного впливу несприятливих чинників на стійкість агрогосподарювання.Для умов України запропоновано комплексну систему індикаторів стійкості сільського господарства, яка включає чотири блоки: економічну, екологічну і кліматичну, соціальну стійкість, а також кліматичну нейтральність. Ключовими орієнтирами досягнення стійкості визнано: забезпечення національної продовольчої безпеки і доходів аграріїв; зниження волатильності врожайності сільгоспкультур; зменшення викидів вуглецю в результаті агрогосподарювання; забезпечення кадрового потенціалу агровиробництва. Розрахунки відповідних показників засвідчили, що в довоєнний період (зокрема, у 2021 р. порівняно з 2015 р.) ситуація не була загрозливою лише в економічній сфері. Водночас мали місце суттєві загрози у сферах екологічної і кліматичної стійкості, а також кліматичної нейтральності.

The effect of global climate change in Nepal could be observed by glacier retreat in the Himalaya region and change in the pattern of the south west monsoon which is the only reliable source of water for farming. Climate change has been occurred in Terai, hills and mountain of Nepal resulting change in agriculture systems leading to the emergence of new insect, pest and disease of crops and animals. There are frequent losses of lives, crops and, human settlements due to occurrence of flash floods, droughts, typhoon and hurricanes in the world mainly due to climate change. Global food production and trade have been affected by the negative consequences of climate change as a result countries like Nepal are also victimized due to the negative effect of climate change. Increase in C02concentration in the atmosphere and change in precipitation are being the main cause of floods, droughts, glacier retreat, and melting of snows, hence, change in the flora and fauna globally. To address such measures of climate change, Nepal has been trying to develop some adoptive ways such as development of climate resilient technology including crop varieties, animal breeds; agronomic practices that could address vagaries of climate change and sustain food and nutritional security. In Nepal, the effect of climate change is more pronounced in hills and mountains with respect to increase in temperature than that of Terai. This paper tries to address issue of global climate change with respect to food security of Nepal by applying some of the pragmatic adoptive measures to follow in agriculture for sustaining food security in Nepal.

Partnering for climate change adaptations by Dutch housing associations

The article provides a detailed overview of the effects of climate changes on the meteorological factors (air temperature and atmospheric precipitation) that play a key role in human activity in the Greater Caucasus region in 1991-2020. In the analysis, the climate changes and its effects on the quality of life were studied. It has been determined that anomalies recorded in air temperature and precipitation occur mainly in densely populated and work areas. The research was conducted on the basis of mathematical, statistical and cartographic methods. The conducted studies show that the effects of climate changes in the Greater Caucasus region affect agriculture, tourism, etc. It is also inevitable in the industrial field. Therefore, by conducting mitigation measures in advance and continuous development, conditions can be created to improve the quality of life of the population. Mathematical statistical analysis shows that since the main population of the province is located in the city of Baku, large waste sources that pollute the atmosphere and environment are located here. It was determined that as a result of climate changes, which are considered an environmental crisis, there was a 4% decrease in the amount of precipitation in the general region, and an increase in the average annual temperature by 0.80C. The amount of atmospheric precipitation in this province has reached 6 mm. A greater decrease in individual hydrometeorological stations was recorded in the Absheron Peninsula. The main altitudinal effects of climate changes are recorded in the zone where the population is settled, where there is employment and where fresh water resources are formed. Due to the ongoing extreme heat, water in the rivers is decreasing, which, on the one hand, reduces the possibilities of irrigation in agriculture, and on the other hand, leads to a decrease in water resources in general. Similar declines in snowfall threaten many winter tourism centers and local economies. So, both weak and strong effects of climate changes on the quality of life of the population have been determined. The negative effects of climate change on the economy lead to lower overall well-being, lower incomes and job losses, all of which ultimately lead to lower quality of life. Climate change is already seriously affecting all key indicators of quality of life, and worryingly, with its expected acceleration, this impact will be even greater.

Summary A large proportion of the world's biodiversity is reportedly threatened by habitat loss and climate change. However, there are few studies that investigate the interaction between these two threats using empirical data. Here, we investigate interactions between climate change and land‐use change in the future distribution of 23 dominant tree species in mainland Spain. We simulated changes up to year 2100 using a climate‐dependent Stochastic Patch Occupancy Model, parameterized with colonization and extinction events recorded in 46 596 survey plots. We estimated that the distribution of 17 out of 23 tree species are expanding and hence not at equilibrium with the climate. However, climate change will make the future occupancy of 15 species to be lower than expected if climate, and habitat, remained stable (baseline scenario). Climate change, when combined with the loss of 20% of the habitat, was estimated to reduce species occupancies (relative to baseline projections) by an average of 23% if habitat loss was spatially clumped, and by 35% if it was scattered. If habitat loss occurred in areas already impacted by human activities, species occupancies would be reduced by 26%. Land‐use changes leading to habitat gain (i.e. creation through reforestation) could slightly mitigate the effects of climate change, but a 20% increment in habitat would reduce climate change‐driven losses in species occupancies by only ∼3%. Synthesis and applications. The distributions of the most common tree species in mainland Spain are expanding, but climate change threatens to reduce this expansion by ∼18% for 15 of the 23 studied species. Moreover, if the habitat of these species is simultaneously lost, the occupancies of all of them will be reduced further, with variation depending on the spatial pattern of the lost habitats. However, we did not detect synergies between climate change and habitat loss. The combined effect (with 20% habitat loss) was 5–13% less than what it would be if the effects were additive. Importantly, reforestation could partially offset the negative effects of climate change, but complete mitigation would require an increase in forested land of ∼80%, and the prioritization of territories that are less impacted by human activities.