Abstract
BackgroundZoonotic tuberculosis (zTB) accounts for 1.4% of the global tuberculosis burden, with the largest disease burden in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). These populations have increased exposure to zTB due to livestock rearing practices and raw dairy consumption. This qualitative systematic literature review evaluates the quality of the literature that examines the association between human zTB in LMICs and frequent exposure to livestock and livestock products and summarizes current gaps in laboratory detection methods.MethodsThe Navigation Guide, a systematic review framework utilized to assess environmental health exposures, was used to conduct this literature review. Peer‐reviewed research articles were selected and evaluated for risk of bias and quality of evidence. Only studies conducted in LMICs that mentioned livestock or livestock product exposure and had a confirmed diagnosis were eligible.ResultsFifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Reported prevalence of human zTB ranged from 0% to 28%, with cattle and raw dairy the primary exposures. All confirmed zTB cases were Mycobacterium bovis. Eight of the 15 studies included livestock sampling, predominantly cattle and reported prevalence of zTB between 0% and 23%. Laboratory methods used included nearly a dozen different culture methods and a variety of molecular methods, some of which are not appropriate for zTB.ConclusionsThis review revealed the need for appropriate and standardized laboratory diagnostic methods, and large prospective studies of at‐risk populations to determine exposures that lead to an increased risk of tuberculosis conversion/infection to better understand the true burden of disease. Standardized, easy to implement laboratory diagnostics is an imperative focus for this scientific field to better identify the burden of zTB. Future studies pairing livestock and human subjects will allow better characterization of the high zTB transmission areas for targeted control and prevention programmes.
Highlights
Over the last two decades, zoonotic tuberculosis has received increasing recognition as a growing public health threat, especially in low- and middle-countries (LMICs) where the incidence of Zoonotic tuberculosis (zTB) is largely unknown
The most common diagnostic used in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), does not differentiate between Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex species (Olea-Popelka et al, 2017)
In the Mozambican study by Viegas et al (2015) in which isolates from tuberculous lymphadenitis (TBLN) cases were characterized to explore the public health risk of M. bovis in Maputo, no M. bovis was found in any human subjects, which were reported from urban and peri-urban areas of Maputo, Mozambique where livestock and consumption of raw dairy were uncommon
Summary
Over the last two decades, zoonotic tuberculosis (zTB) has received increasing recognition as a growing public health threat, especially in low- and middle-countries (LMICs) where the incidence of zTB is largely unknown. Zoonotic tuberculosis (zTB) accounts for 1.4% of the global tuberculosis burden, with the largest disease burden in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) These populations have increased exposure to zTB due to livestock rearing practices and raw dairy consumption. This qualitative systematic literature review evaluates the quality of the literature that examines the association between human zTB in LMICs and frequent exposure to livestock and livestock products and summarizes current gaps in laboratory detection methods. Conclusions: This review revealed the need for appropriate and standardized laboratory diagnostic methods, and large prospective studies of at-risk populations to determine exposures that lead to an increased risk of tuberculosis conversion/infection to better understand the true burden of disease. Future studies pairing livestock and human subjects will allow better characterization of the high zTB transmission areas for targeted control and prevention programmes
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