Human Topoisomerase IIα Possesses an Intrinsic Nucleic Acid Specificity for DNA Ligation: USE OF 5′ COVALENTLY ACTIVATED OLIGONUCLEOTIDE SUBSTRATES TO STUDY ENZYME MECHANISM

Abstract

Despite the importance of topoisomerase II-mediated DNA ligation to the essential physiological functions of the enzyme, the mechanistic details of this important reaction are poorly understood. Because topoisomerase II normally does not release cleaved DNA molecules prior to ligation, it is not known whether all of the nucleic acid specificity of its cleavage/ligation cycle is embodied in DNA cleavage or whether ligation also contributes specificity to the enzyme. All currently available ligation assays require that topoisomerase II cleave the initial DNA substrate before rejoining can be monitored. Consequently, it has been impossible to examine the specificity of DNA ligation separately from that of scission. To address this issue, a cleavage-independent topoisomerase II DNA ligation assay was developed. This assay utilizes a nicked oligonucleotide whose 5'-phosphate terminus at the nick has been activated by covalent attachment to the tyrosine mimic, p-nitrophenol. Human topoisomerase IIalpha and enzymes with active-site mutations that abrogated cleavage activity ligated the activated nick by catalyzing the direct attack of the terminal 3'-OH on the activated 5'-phosphate. Results with different DNA sequences indicate that human topoisomerase IIalpha possesses an intrinsic nucleic acid specificity for ligation that parallels its specificity for DNA cleavage.