Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the life threatening diseases over the globe, and an early prediction of diabetes is of utmost importance in this current scenario. International Diabetes Federation (IDF) reported nearly half of the world's population was undiagnosed and unaware of being developed into diabetes. In 2017, around 84 million individuals were living with diabetes, and it might increase to 156 million by the end of 2045 stated by IDF. Generally, the diagnosis of diabetes relies on the biochemical method that may cause uneasiness and probability of infections to the subjects. To overcome such difficulties, a noninvasive method is much needed around the globe for primary screening. A change in body temperature is an indication of various diseases. Infrared thermal imaging is relatively a novel technique for skin temperature measurement and turned out to be well known in the medical field due to being noninvasive, risk-free, and repeatable. According to traditional Chinese medicine, the human tongue is a sensitive mirror that reflects the body's pathophysiological condition. So, we have (i) analysed and classified diabetes based on thermal variations at human tongue, (ii) segmented the hot spot regions from tongue thermogram by RGB (red, green, blue) based color histogram image segmentation method and extracted the features using gray level co-occurrence matrix algorithm, (iii) classified normal and diabetes using various machine learning algorithms, and (iv) developed computer aided diagnostic system to classify diabetes mellitus. The baseline measurements and tongue thermograms were obtained from 140 subjects. The measured tongue surface temperature of the diabetic group was found to be greater than normal. The statistical correlation between the HbA1c and the thermal distribution in the tongue region was found to be r2 = 0.5688. The Convolutional Neural Network has outperformed the other classifiers with 94.28% accuracy rate. Thus, tongue thermograms could be used as a preliminary screening approach for diabetes prognosis.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an epidemic life threatening disorder characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose.e International Diabetes Federation (IDF) predicted that around one-fifth of the total population with diabetes in the world is from South East Asian countries
Measurement Protocol. e tongue thermogram was acquired from the subjects using an infrared camera (FLIR A305 SC, FLIR Systems, USA). e subjects were instructed to remove all the metallic accessories and adapted to the controlled environment of 22–23°C and relative humidity of 50% [45]. e subjects were asked to be in a sitting position for ten minutes before the image acquisition procedure. e images were captured during the fasting condition for the total population studied
The subjects were advised to place their chin on a resting tool with widely opened mouth and to extend their tongue out with the tip pointing downward prior to the image acquisition process. e subjects were informed to close their mouth for two minutes as the prolonged extension might influence the blood perfusion as well as the temperature on the surface of the tongue. e images were captured at a distance of 0.3 meters from the tongue region of the subjects using a thermal camera. e tongue thermograms were analysed using thermal imaging FLIR tools software. e temperature scale was kept constant for tongue thermograms
Summary
E International Diabetes Federation (IDF) predicted that around one-fifth of the total population with diabetes in the world is from South East Asian countries. Ese figures were anticipated to increase to 156 million (86%) by the year 2045. IDF reported 425 million adults aged 20–64 years in 2017 are living with diabetes worldwide. By 2045, it is predicted to increase to about 629 million in adults aged 20–64 years [1]. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimated that in 2012, deaths caused by DM were found to be 1.5 million [2]. E globalized diabetes prevalence rate was estimated as 9% among men and 7.9% among women in 2014, increasing from 4.3% and 5.0% in 1980 due to population growth and ageing factors [3]. Prolonged asymptomatic phase of type 2 diabetes leads to micro- and macrovascular complications
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