Human periodontal ligament stem cell encapsulation in alginate-fibrin-platelet lysate microbeads for dental and craniofacial regeneration

Abstract

ObjectiveTissue engineering is promising for dental and craniofacial regeneration. The objectives of this study were to develop a novel xeno-free alginate-fibrin-platelet lysate hydrogel with human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) for dental regeneration, and to investigate the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs using hPL as a cell culture nutrient supplement. MethodshPDLSCs were cultured with Dulbecco's modified eagle medium (DMEM), DMEM + 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), and DMEM + hPL (1%, 2.5%, and 5%). hPDLSCs were encapsulated in alginate-fibrin microbeads (Alg+Fib), alginate-hPL microbeads (Alg+hPL), or alginate-fibrin-hPL microbeads (Alg+Fib+hPL). hPDLSCs encapsulated in alginate microbeads were induced with an osteogenic medium containing hPL or FBS. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, ALP staining, and alizarin red (ARS) staining was investigated. ResultshPDLSCs were released faster from Alg+Fib+hPL than from Alg+hPL. At 14 days, ALP activity was 44.1 ± 7.61 mU/mg for Alg+Fib+hPL group, higher than 28.07 ± 5.15 mU/mg of Alg+Fib (p<0.05) and 0.95 ± 0.2 mU/mg of control (p<0.01). At 7 days, osteogenic genes (ALP, RUNX2, COL1, and OPN) in Alg+Fib+hPL and Alg+Fib were 3-10 folds those of control. At 21 days, the hPDLSC-synthesized bone mineral amount in Alg+Fib+hPL and Alg+Fib was 7.5 folds and 4.3 folds that of control group, respectively. ConclusionsThe 2.5% hPL was determined to be optimal for hPDLSCs. Adding hPL into alginate hydrogel improved the viability of the hPDLSCs encapsulated in the microbeads. The hPL-based medium enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs in Alg+Fib+hPL construct, showing a promising xeno-free approach for delivering hPDLSCs to enhance dental, craniofacial and orthopedic regenerations.