Abstract
Cervical cancer is thought to result from different high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types. Although many studies have been conducted worldwide regarding HPV infection and its oncogenic properties, limited data are available on the incidence and genotype specific dissemination of HPV in Sudan. The purpose of this review article is to summarize the existing data regarding HPV genotypes in Sudan. To review the distribution of HPV infections, electronic databases (e.g. PubMed, and Google Scholar) were searched for peer reviewed articles in English. The study was performed between January and April of 2019 and comprises a review of six relevant articles that were published prior to 2013. Inclusion criteria included: availability of general population data, cytology and tissue results and the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HPV detection. The overall infection rate of high-risk HPVs DNA was 173/506 (34%) and within the tissues ranged between 93 and 94% (all the paraffin sections were cancer and precancerous cases). The HPV genotyping in cervical smears were found to range from 2.9% to 50.0%, with the most prevalent types of HPV being 16 (2.9-50.0%), 18 (0-3.4%), 58 (2.9%), and 42 (2.9%). Familiarity of the frequent high risk HPV genotypes found in Sudan, which had a high prevalence of cervical cancer, is essential in order to construct an applicable genotype of the virus in the HPV vaccine. The commercially available vaccines do not prevent infection of the HPV types not contained in the vaccine. Based on this literature, it is clear that the nine-valent HPV vaccine should be considered in Sudan.
Highlights
Cervical cancer is one of the most common diseases worldwide
human papillomavirus (HPV) Infection in Sudan - Prevalence and Type Distribution There have been many studies worldwide regarding the epidemiology of HPV infections and oncogenic properties that result from different HPV genotypes
Familiarity with the frequent high risk HPV genotypes found in Sudan that have a high prevalence of cervical cancer is essential in order to construct an applicable genotype of the virus in the HPV vaccine
Summary
Cervical cancer is one of the most common diseases worldwide. The universal prevalence rate of cervical cancer is approximately 11.7%. The global cervical HPV prevalence rate is estimated to be 10.4% and it differs across geographical sectors, ranging from 6.2% in south-eastern Asia to 31.6% in East Africa, out of which. In Sudan, cervical cancers are the second most prevalent type of cancer; 90.9% of cancers in Sudan are squamous cell carcinoma, 4.8% are adenocarcinomas, and 4.3% are other epithelial tumors [1]. Viral infections comprise 15-20% of all human cancers and the interaction between a given virus and its correlated cancer ranges from 15-100% [2]. Most cervical cancers (globally) are due to the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection [4]; HPVs are a large group of viruses, which consist of more than 180 different types, of which, 15 have high oncogenic equity [5].
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