Abstract
Tissue engineering and/or regenerative medicine are fields of life science exploiting both engineering and biological fundamentals to originate new tissues and organs and to induce the regeneration of damaged or diseased tissues and organs. In particular, de novo bone tissue regeneration requires a mechanically competent osteo-conductive/inductive 3D biomaterial scaffold that guarantees the cell adhesion, proliferation, angiogenesis and differentiation into osteogenic lineage. Cellular components represent a key factor in tissue engineering and bone growth strategies take advantage from employment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), an ideal cell source for tissue repair. Recently, the application of extracellular vesicles (EVs), isolated from stem cells, as cell-free therapy has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy. This review aims at summarizing the recent and representative research on the bone tissue engineering field using a 3D scaffold enriched with human oral stem cells and their derivatives, EVs, as a promising therapeutic potential in the reconstructing of bone tissue defects.
Highlights
The development of the vertebrate skeleton was described at physiological and histological level at the end of the 19th century
Bone remodelling is a series of well-orchestrated biological events that are regulated by complex interactions between the various cell types found in bone, primarily osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes
Osteoblasts, originated from mesenchymal stem cells, are the bone-forming cells, composed of 6% of the total bone resident cell population, and are located along the bone surface; instead, osteocytes composed of 95% bone cellular niche are the most abundant and long-living cells with a lifespan of decades
Summary
The development of the vertebrate skeleton was described at physiological and histological level at the end of the 19th century. The development of 3D printing biomaterials, including poly (lactide) (3D-PLA), enriched with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and/or their derivatives, such as extracellular vesicles (EVs), has been achieving promising results, in particular in bone regeneration in calvaria defects, in association with an enhanced vascularization offering a novel regulatory system in osteo-angiogenesis evolution. This review aims at summarizing the main strategies reported to date on the function of biomaterials enriched with human oral stem cells and/or their derivatives such as extracellular vesicles (EVs) as promising tools to improve bone tissue regeneration and repair [9]. Nano-sized vesicles, called extracellular vesicles (EVs), isolated from different cell sources represent a new tool for a regenerative and therapeutic approach to tissue regeneration applications [40]. In vitroo aanndd iinn vviivvoo aannaallyyssiiss eevviiddeenncceedd tthhaatt tthhee EEVVOO mmeemmbbrraannee wwiitthh aa hhiigghh--ccoonnssiisstency dense collaggeenn fifibbeerrddeerriivveeddffrroommeeqquuinineemmeseesnenchchymymalatlistissuseuenernicrhicehdedwwithithPhDPLDSLCSsCasnadnPdEPI-EEIV-EsViss aisblaebtloe ptoropmromteoateboaneb-orengee-rneegreantieornatpiornocpesrsocfeosrsthfeortrtehaetmtreenattmofecnatlvoafricuamlvarnidumossainfidcaotisosnifidceafteioctns cdaeufescetds bcayuascecdidbeynataclciodresnutragl eorrysturraguemryat.rIanupmaar.tiIcnuplaarr,tPicEuIl-aErV, PsEhIa-EdVasshigandifiacsaignnt irfoicleanint rtohleeaincttivhaetaioctnivoafttiohne osfttehoegoenstiecopgreonciecsps r[o48ce] s(sFi[g4u8]re(F3i)g. ure 3)
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