Human Microsporidiosis: A Narrative Review of Serodiagnostic Tests

Abstract

Context: Microsporidiosis is an emerging disease in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. Diagnosis of human microsporidiosis is challenging. Parasitological tests using staining methods have limitations for detecting spores in stool samples. The performance of molecular methods for diagnosing human microsporidiosis is satisfactory, but these methods are expensive and time-consuming. Serodiagnosis tests for the detection of antibodies have insufficient specificity. Detecting microsporidia antigens seems to be an appropriate method for diagnosing human microsporidiosis. Therefore, the present study reviewed serological approaches to assess the current status of these methods for diagnosing human microsporidiosis. Evidence Acquisition: All related published articles were searched. The search terms were “microsporidiosis”, “microsporidiasis”, “human microsporidiosis”, and “human microsporidiasis”, combined with the search terms “diagnosis”, “serodiagnosis”, “immunodiagnosis”, “antigen detection”, and “antibody detection”. Data were extracted from the articles that met our eligibility criteria. Immunodiagnosis studies in experimentally infected animals were excluded. Results: Few studies have evaluated the performance of serological tests for diagnosing human microsporidiosis. The IgG response against spore wall protein or polar tube antigens remains at least three years after infection and shows more cross-reactivity with other species. Therefore, the western blot should be conducted as a confirmatory method. Serodiagnosis tests using monoclonal antibodies against microsporidia showed less cross-reactivity and more efficacy compared to polyclonal antibodies. Conclusions: Indirect fluorescent antibody test based on the monoclonal antibody is highly effective in diagnosing microsporidia species in clinical samples.