Abstract
Human abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue consists of two individual layers—the superficial adipose tissue (SAT) and deep adipose tissue (DAT)—separated by the Scarpa’s fascia. The present study focuses on the analysis of morphological and immunological differences of primary adipocytes, adipose-derived stem cells (ASC), and tissue-infiltrating immune cells found in SAT and DAT. Adipocytes and stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells were isolated from human SAT and DAT specimens and phenotypically characterized by in vitro assays. Ex vivo analysis of infiltrating immune cells was performed by flow cytometry. Primary adipocytes from SAT are larger in size but did not significantly differ in cytokine levels of LEPTIN, ADIPOQ, RBP4, CHEMERIN, DEFB1, VISFATIN, MCP1, or MSCF. ASC isolated from SAT proliferated faster and exhibited a higher differentiation potential than those isolated from DAT. Flow cytometry analysis indicated no specific differences in the relative numbers of ASC, epithelial progenitor cells (EPC), or CD3+ T-cells, but showed higher numbers of tissue-infiltrating macrophages in SAT compared to DAT. Our findings suggest that ASC isolated from SAT have a higher regenerative potential than DAT-ASC. Moreover, spatial proximity to skin microbiota might promote macrophage infiltration in SAT.
Highlights
Adipose tissue function and characteristics depend on the anatomical localization of the fat depot
adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) isolated from superficial adipose tissue (SAT) proliferated faster and exhibited a higher differentiation potential than those isolated from deep adipose tissue (DAT)
Learning from murine subcutaneous fat tissue architecture, where the subcutaneous fat layer consists of three layers [4], the human abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue consists of only two individual layers—the superficial adipose tissue (SAT) and deep adipose tissue (DAT)—separated by a membranous layer called Scarpa’s fascia [4]
Summary
Adipose tissue function and characteristics depend on the anatomical localization of the fat depot. Learning from murine subcutaneous fat tissue architecture, where the subcutaneous fat layer consists of three layers [4], the human abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue consists of only two individual layers—the superficial adipose tissue (SAT) and deep adipose tissue (DAT)—separated by a membranous layer called Scarpa’s fascia [4]. Recent studies acknowledging this anatomical difference described depot-specific differences in adipocyte morphology and paracrine activity as well as a distinct regenerative potential for each of the two individual fat layers. In line with these observations, DAT but not SAT showed a strong relation to insulin resistance and association with common features of metabolic diseases such as hypertension, cholesterol, or triglyceride levels [10,11]
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