Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILC) are developmentally related cell subsets that play a major role in innate defenses against pathogens, in lymphoid organogenesis and in tissue remodeling. The best characterized ILC are natural killer (NK) cells. They are detectable in decidua in the early phases of pregnancy. During the first trimester, NK cells represent up to 50% of decidua lymphocytes. Differently from peripheral blood (PB) NK cells, decidual NK (dNK) cells are poorly cytolytic, and, instead of IFNγ, they release cytokines/chemokines that induce neo-angiogenesis, tissue remodeling, and placentation. dNK interact with resident myeloid cells and participate in the induction of regulatory T cells that play a pivotal role in maintaining an efficient fetal–maternal tolerance. dNK cells may originate from CD34+ precursor cells present in situ and/or from immature NK cells already present in endometrial tissue and/or from PB NK cells migrated to decidua. In addition to NK cells, also ILC3 are present in human decidua during the first trimester. Decidual ILC3 include both natural cytotoxic receptor (NCR)+ and NCR− cells, producing respectively IL-8/IL-22/GM-CSF and TNF/IL-17. NCR+ILC3 have been shown to establish physical and functional interactions with neutrophils that, in turn, produce factors that are crucial for pregnancy induction/maintenance and for promoting the early inflammatory phase, a fundamental process for a successful pregnancy. While NCR+ILC3 display a stable phenotype, most of NCR−ILC3 may acquire phenotypic and functional features of NCR+ILC3. In conclusion, both NK cells and ILC3 are present in human decidua and may establish functional interactions with immune and myeloid cells playing an important role both in innate defenses and in tissue building/remodeling/placentation during the early pregnancy. It is conceivable that altered numbers or function of these cells may play a role in pregnancy failure.
Highlights
The fetus can be considered as a semi-allograft to the maternal host; pregnancy should include mechanisms to prevent allograft rejection [1,2,3]
ILC3 are mainly located in secondary lymphoid organs (SLO), tonsils, decidua, and intestinal lamina propria where they contribute to host defenses against extracellular pathogens and are defined as lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi)-like cells
It is possible to speculate that decidual N by interacting with dILC3 and/or decidual NK (dNK) cells may contribute to the regulation of innate/adaptive immune responses occurring during pregnancy, by the release of soluble factors, or cell-to-cell contacts [67]
Summary
The fetus can be considered as a semi-allograft to the maternal host; pregnancy should include mechanisms to prevent allograft rejection [1,2,3]. ILC3 are mainly located in secondary lymphoid organs (SLO), tonsils, decidua, and intestinal lamina propria where they contribute to host defenses against extracellular pathogens and are defined as LTi-like cells. Specific ILC3committed precursors have been defined, a precise identification of a common ILC precursor in humans is still lacking It is still only partially understood which signals from the microenvironment are driving their differentiation. The development of protocols allowing the generation of suitable numbers of given subsets of ILC for their use in adoptive cell therapy is required Along this line, it has become more evident that the fate of ILC determination and their stability is not set in stone, but that there is some plasticity between different ILC subsets, depending on various signaling, including cytokines and exposure to different tissue-specific microenvironments. It is conceivable that putative differentiated ILC may display intermediate phenotypic/functional characteristics [30, 31]
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