Abstract
Air pollution is one of the main factors affecting human health. Air quality is especially important in the tourist areas developed with facilities for outdoor activities. During the winter season of 2017/2018, the concentrations of particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5, PM1), CO, O3, and NO2 were studied in 12 attractive tourist villages in the surroundings of the Czorsztyn Reservoir in southern Poland. Air pollutant measurements were performed continuously, using a single ground-based Alphasense air sensor. Our assessment of human health risk (HHRA), arising from inhalation exposure to air contaminants, was calculated for both local inhabitants and tourists, based on actual measured values. It was found that pollutant concentrations exceeded both permissible and recommended levels of PM10 and PM2.5. The mean total noncarcinogenic risk values were equal to 9.58 (unitless) for adults and 9.68 (unitless) for children and infants, under the resident exposure scenario. However, under the tourist exposure scenario, the mean total risk was equal to 1.63 (unitless) for adults and 1.64 (unitless) for children and infants. The risk to tourists was lower than that to inhabitants due to shorter exposure times. The target non-carcinogenic value of 1, calculated for PM10, PM2.5, and NO2, was significantly exceeded in total risk, under the residential exposure scenario, in reference to all the local subpopulations. In the majority of the investigated locations, the total risk exceeded the value of 1, under the tourist scenario, for all the subpopulations analysed. PM2.5 was recognised to be the most important contaminant in our risk analysis, in view of its share in the total risk value.
Highlights
Air pollution is of major concern worldwide, as it places a large burden on public health
The results of our air-quality examinations conducted on the investigated tourist areas of the Czorsztyn Reservoir were previously discussed in Adamiec et al [31]
Our results indicated that air pollution was high and very high in the investigated tourist areas, with PM10 and PM2.5 being the main pollutants responsible for high pollution levels, with reference to the Common Air Quality Index (CAQI) index grid [31]
Summary
Air pollution is of major concern worldwide, as it places a large burden on public health. The research projects conducted in many places around the world for a number of years proved the existence of a relationship between the exposure to air pollution and the occurrence of various health effects [1]. Environment-related deaths are associated with respiratory, cardiovascular diseases [2,3,4,5,6], as well as cancer, in particular lung cancer [7,8,9,10]. People with cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, diabetes, or obesity, and the elderly are susceptible to pollution effects [4,6,11,12]. Air pollution is considered to be the main environmental risk factor accountable for premature deaths worldwide [15,16,17].
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