Abstract
Human Health and Ocean Pollution.
Highlights
Plastic pollution threatens marine mammals, fish, and seabirds and accumulates in large mid-ocean gyres. It breaks down into microplastic and nanoplastic particles containing multiple manufactured chemicals that can enter the tissues of marine organisms, including species consumed by humans
Ocean pollution is a global problem. It arises from multiple sources and crosses national boundaries
The purpose of this review is to examine the impacts of ocean pollution on human health and well-being, identify gaps in knowledge, project future trends, and offer scientifically based guidance for effective interventions
Summary
The oceans are essential to human health and wellbeing [8, 9, 10,11,12,13] They provide food to billions, livelihoods for millions and are the source of multiple essential medicines [14]. Pollution – unwanted waste released to air, water, and land by human activity – is the largest environmental cause of disease in the world today. It is responsible for an estimated nine million premature deaths per year, enormous economic losses, erosion of human capital, and degradation of ecosystems. The problem was further exacerbated by the overfishing of parrotfish, which typically protect corals by consuming harmful algae [565]
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