Abstract
The medical research of the last 1-2 decades allows us to look at the human gut microbiota and microbiome as to a structure that can promote health and sometimes initiate disease. It works like an endocrine organ: releasing specific metabolites, using environmental inputs, e.g. diet, or acting through its structural compounds, that signal human host receptors, to finally contributing to the pathogenesis of several gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal diseases. The same commensal microbes were found as shapers of the human host response to drugs (cardiovascular, oncology etc.). New technologies played an important role in these achievements, facilitating analysis of the genetic and metabolic profile of this microbial community. Once the inputs, the pathways and a lot of human host receptors were highlighted, the scientists were encouraged to go further into research, in order to develop new pathogenic therapies, targeting the human gut flora. Dual therapies, evolving these “friend microbes”, are another actual research subjects. This review gives an update on the current knowledge in the area of microbiota disbalances under environmental factors, the contribution of gut microbiota and microbiome to the pathogenesis of obesity, obesity associated metabolic disorders and cardiovascular disease, as well as new perspectives in preventing and treating these diseases, with high prevalence in contemporary, economically developed societies. It brings the latest and most relevant evidences relating to: probiotics, prebiotics, polyphenols and fecal microbiota transplantation, dietary nutrient manipulation, microbial as well as human host enzyme manipulation, shaping human responses to currently used drugs, manipulating the gut microbiome by horizontal gene transfer.
Highlights
The gut microbiota – the largest microorganism community living symbiotic inside the human body – currently focuses more and more research, showing that these microbes are not temporal passengers in the host [1]
For people following a Western style diet the carbohydrate fermentation occurs in the colon, in the proximal colon. After this process results short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that serve as energy substrate for gut microbiome and host
Some researchers found that there is no significant difference between supplementation with probiotics and placebo
Summary
HUMAN GUT MICROBIOTA AND ITS EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH IN NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. Anca Magdalena Munteanu, MD, PhD, Raluca Cursaru, MD, Loreta Guja, MD, Simona Carniciu, MD, PhD, Univ. Alina Maria Borcan, MD, PhD, Lecturer Dana Popescu-Spineni, MD, PhD 1National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest 2University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Bucharest 3Institute of Anthropology “Fr. I. Rainer” of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest 4National Institute of Infectious Diseases “Prof. Dr Matei Bals”, Bucharest 5Center of Research in Diabetes and Nutrition Disorders “Corposana”, Bucharest
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