Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. COVID-19 incidence, severity, and mortality rates differ greatly between populations, genders, ABO blood groups, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes, ethnic groups, and geographic backgrounds. This highly heterogeneous SARS-CoV-2 infection is multifactorial. Host genetic factors such as variants in the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (ACE), the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene (ACE2), the transmembrane protease serine 2 gene (TMPRSS2), along with HLA genotype, and ABO blood group help to explain individual susceptibility, severity, and outcomes of COVID-19. This review is focused on COVID-19 clinical and viral characteristics, pathogenesis, and genetic findings, with particular attention on genetic diversity and variants. The human genetic basis could provide scientific bases for disease prediction and targeted therapy to address the COVID-19 scourge.
Highlights
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is this century’s third plague and was declared as the sixth international concerned public health emergency by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 30 January 2020.1,2 The responsible pathogen is a previously unknown RNA coronavirus.[1,3,4] It was designated as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.[5]
In the aspect of hostassociated factors, in addition to age (>60 years), initial health status, pre-existing diseases, smoking history, and previous vaccinations, individual genetic basis contributes to individual susceptibility, severity, and outcomes of COVID-19.7,11,12 Classical twin studies indicated 31% heritability for predicted COVID-19.13 Human genetic basis may implicate in significant diversities of COVID-19 among populations with different genders, ABO blood groups, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes, ethnic groups, and geographic backgrounds.[6,14–16]
The expression quantitative peptidase and neck domains in the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene (ACE2) homodimerization allow for positing that variants affecting these amino acid residues may influence viral infection.[184–187] loci for upregulating ACE2 can be up to almost 100% in East Asians, which are over 30% higher than other racial groups.[185,198]
Summary
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. COVID-19 incidence, severity, and mortality rates differ greatly between populations, genders, ABO blood groups, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes, ethnic groups, and geographic backgrounds This highly heterogeneous SARS-CoV-2 infection is multifactorial. Host genetic factors such as variants in the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (ACE), the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene (ACE2), the transmembrane protease serine 2 gene (TMPRSS2), along with HLA genotype, and ABO blood group help to explain individual susceptibility, severity, and outcomes of COVID-19. 1234567890();,: INTRODUCTION Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is this century’s third plague and was declared as the sixth international concerned public health emergency by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 30 January 2020.1,2 The responsible pathogen is a previously unknown RNA coronavirus.[1,3,4] It was designated as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.[5]. HLA-DQA1_509 HLA-DQB1*04 HLA-DQB1*06:02 HLA-A*11:01-B*51:01-C*14:02 HLA-A*01:01-B*08:01-C*07:01-DRB1*03:01 rs495828 rs8176746 rs657152 rs8176746–rs8176740–rs495828–rs12683493 1-bp insertion rs12252 rs34481144 rs143359233
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
