Human footprint effects on the distribution of the spotted lowland paca (Cuniculus paca)

Abstract

Human activity has caused the decrease of about 20 % of the planet's vertebrate diversity and 25 % in their abundance. Many large and medium-sized herbivore mammals have gone extinct locally, unleashing a cascade of ecosystem changes. The spotted paca (Cuniculus paca) is impacted by hunting and anthropogenic habitat fragmentation and loss. To protect spotted pacas, it is essential to estimate anthropogenic effects on their geographic distribution. Through the use of primary biodiversity data, bioclimatic data, land-cover data, and a human footprint index, we modeled the distribution of C. paca. From 105 candidate models, only one model met our selection criteria. The variables with the highest contribution were the human footprint and annual precipitation. According to the model's performance curves, the spotted paca has low to medium tolerance of anthropogenic pressure. Cuniculus paca tolerates low to medium anthropogenic disturbance, which we hypothesize is related to reduced predator pressure in habitats modified by humans. Accounting for the costs and benefits of anthropogenic disturbance is essential to paca conservation.