Human cremaster muscle and cremasteric reflex: A comprehensive review

Abstract

ObjectiveHuman research on the cremaster muscle (CM), cremasteric reflex (CMR) and genitofemoral nerve (GFN) and reports on their clinical applications using electrophysiological and histological techniques are rare. We aimed to present a detailed review of the human CM and CMR based on our earlier publications and relevant literature. MethodsElectromyography (EMG) of the CM was recorded using disposable needle electrodes. CMR was obtained with tactile and/or electrical stimulation of the inner thigh. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and magnetic stimulation of the upper lumbar roots were applied; GFN was stimulated using a surface electrode at the anterior superior iliac spine. ResultsCM striated fibers comprised multiple motor end plates. CM needle EMG results were similar to those of the limb muscles in chronic neurogenic disorders. TMS produced clear-cut evoked motor responses from CM. GFN motor conduction time to CM was absent or delayed in patients with inguinal hernia. EMG of CM was abnormal in 40% of patients with premature ejaculation. ConclusionCM is different from other skeletal muscles both morphologically and physiologically. Intersegmental sacrolumbar reflexes are useful for evaluating ejaculatory dysfunction. SignificanceCM is an important muscle for testis thermoregulation and sexual reflexes. Neurophysiological techniques are available for physiological and clinical studies.