Abstract
miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs of about 18–25 nucleotides that negatively regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. It was reported that a deregulation of their expression patterns correlates to the onset and progression of various diseases. Recently, these molecules have been identified in a great plethora of biological fluids, and have also been proposed as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Actually, real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction is the most widely used approach for circulating miRNAs (c-miRNAs) expression profiling. Nevertheless, the debate on the choice of the most suitable endogenous reference genes for c-miRNAs expression levels normalization is still open. In this regard, numerous research groups are focusing their efforts upon identifying specific, highly stable, endogenous c-mRNAs. The aim of this review is to provide an overview on the reference genes currently used in the study of various pathologies, offering to researchers the opportunity to select the appropriate molecules for c-miRNA levels normalization, when their choosing is based upon literature data.
Highlights
To date, progress has been made in a great variety of diseases for diagnosis and treatment
The results show that two miRNAs, miR-181 and miR-1304, overlap between Caucasian American (CA) and AA, and their plasma levels were differentially expressed when compared with healthy controls (HC)
The attention of biofluid miRNAs as biomarkers came after the report of Lawrie et al, which described an up-regulation of miR-21 in the serum of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in 2008 [23]
Summary
Human Circulating miRNAs Real-time qRT-PCR-based Analysis: An Overview of Endogenous Reference Genes Used for Data Normalization. It was reported that a deregulation of their expression patterns correlates to the onset and progression of various diseases These molecules have been identified in a great plethora of biological fluids, and have been proposed as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. The debate on the choice of the most suitable endogenous reference genes for c-miRNAs expression levels normalization is still open. In this regard, numerous research groups are focusing their efforts upon identifying specific, highly stable, endogenous c-mRNAs. The aim of this review is to provide an overview on the reference genes currently used in the study of various pathologies, offering to researchers the opportunity to select the appropriate molecules for c-miRNA levels normalization, when their choosing is based upon literature data
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