Abstract
Life was once normal before the first announcement of COVID-19’s first case in Wuhan, China, and what was slowly spreading became an overnight worldwide pandemic. Ever since the virus spread at the end of 2019, it has been morphing and rapidly adapting to human nature changes which cause difficult conundrums in the efforts of fighting it. Thus, researchers were steered to investigate the virus in order to contain the outbreak considering its novelty and there being no known cure. In contribution to that, this paper extensively reviewed, compared, and analyzed two main points; SARS-CoV-2 virus transmission in humans and detection methods of COVID-19 in the human body. SARS-CoV-2 human exchange transmission methods reviewed four modes of transmission which are Respiratory Transmission, Fecal–Oral Transmission, Ocular transmission, and Vertical Transmission. The latter point particularly sheds light on the latest discoveries and advancements in the aim of COVID-19 diagnosis and detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus associated with this disease in the human body. The methods in this review paper were classified into two categories which are RNA-based detection including RT-PCR, LAMP, CRISPR, and NGS and secondly, biosensors detection including, electrochemical biosensors, electronic biosensors, piezoelectric biosensors, and optical biosensors.
Highlights
Introduction and Overview of CoronavirusesThe Coronaviridae family to which the Coronavirus belongs is a part of the Nidovirales order and is the subfamily of Orthocoronavirinae
This review studied and analyzed a collection of literature focused on the current viral virus known as COVID-19, which have been divided into two main categories: Transmission COVID-19 Human Exchange and detection techniques of COVID-19 virus
Another notable transmission method is through airborne dust as it may transport virus-laden through air inhalation causing infection in deeper bronchial and alveolar regions [90]
Summary
The Coronaviridae family to which the Coronavirus belongs is a part of the Nidovirales order and is the subfamily of Orthocoronavirinae. The subfamily of Orthocoronavirinae consists of four types which are delta (δ) beta (β), alpha (α), and gamma (γ) coronavirus as shown, these viruses share qualities where they are all enveloped, contain single-stranded RNA, have positive-sense and are not segmented viruses that cause minor or critical illnesses in some breathing creatures which includes human beings. Seven types of the virus have been discovered including the HCoVs-NL63 and HCoVs229E 229E (α-Corona viruses) and HCoVs-OC43, HCoVs-HKU1 (β-Corona viruses), severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV (SARS-CoV), and Middle East respiratory syndrome-CoV (MERS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2 which was discovered in 2019 [4,5,6]
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