Human Bocavirus Infection Markers in Peripheral Blood and Stool Samples of Children with Acute Gastroenteritis.

Zaiga Nora-Krukle,Elina Silina,Anda Vilmane,Man Xu,Inga Ziemele,Maria Söderlund-Venermo,Santa Rasa,Dace Gardovska,Modra Murovska

doi:10.3390/v10110639

Zaiga Nora-Krukle, Elina Silina + Show 7 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/v10110639

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Abstract

Human bocaviruses (HBoVs) 1–4 belong to the Parvoviridae family, and they infect the respiratory or gastrointestinal tracts in children. We investigated the prevalence of HBoV1–4 DNAs in the blood and stool samples, and of HBoV1–4 IgG and IgM in the plasma samples, of children presenting with acute gastroenteritis (AGE). In addition, we identified HBoV co-infections with the five most frequent gastrointestinal pathogens. A total of 83 paired blood and stool samples were collected from children aged five years or less. Infection markers of HBoV1, 2, or 3 (viral DNA in blood and/or stool and/or antibodies) were detected in 61 out of 83 (73.5%) patients. HBoV1, 2, or 3 DNA as a monoinfection was revealed in 18.1%, 2.4%, and 1.2%, respectively, and 21.7% in total. In 56.1% of the HBoV DNA-positive patients, the presence in stool of another virus—most frequently norovirus or rotavirus—was observed. In conclusion, this study, for the first time, illustrates the prevalence and genetic diversity of HBoVs in Latvian children with gastroenteritis, and shows a widespread distribution of these viruses in the community. HBoV1 and 2 are commonly found as single infectious agents in children with AGE, suggesting that the viruses can be as pathogenic by themselves as other enteric agents are.

Highlights

Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is common and affects all age groups around the world, and is the second-leading cause of child morbidity among pediatric infectious diseases
The aim of this study was to investigate the detection rates of the respiratory and enteric Human bocaviruses (HBoVs), as well as to determine co-infections with the five most frequent gastrointestinal pathogens in children presenting with gastroenteritis, in order to identify the possible role of HBoVs in the etiology of the disease in Latvia
In the acute gastroenteritis (AGE) group 33 out of 61 (54.1%) children were positive for HBoV DNA; 15 out of 33 (45.5%)

Summary

Introduction

Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is common and affects all age groups around the world, and is the second-leading cause of child morbidity among pediatric infectious diseases. Latvian Centre for Disease Prevention and Control data show that AGE is the fifth leading cause of morbidity overall, causing 3.7% of all illnesses in children during their first year of life. Viruses such as rotavirus (RoV), noroviruses (HNoV), enteric adenoviruses (HAdV), and astroviruses (HAstV) are the major causes of AGE, but in many patients, despite various diagnostic methods, the etiological agent of the disease remains unidentified [3,4]. HBoV1 was first revealed in pooled nasopharyngeal aspirates of children in 2005, but can be found in stool samples [5,6,7]. A few years later, in 2009, HBoV2 and HBoV3, and in 2010 HBoV4, were discovered in stool samples of children [8,9,10]. HBoV2 is more frequently found in stool samples than in respiratory tract samples, but its association with

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