Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are integral membrane proteins and found in all living organisms from bacteria to human. AQPs mainly involved in the transmembrane diffusion of water as well as various small solutes in a bidirectional manner are widely distributed in various human tissues. Human contains 13 AQPs (AQP0–AQP12) which are divided into three sub-classes namely orthodox aquaporin (AQP0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 8), aquaglyceroporin (AQP3, 7, 9, and 10) and super or unorthodox aquaporin (AQP11 and 12) based on their pore selectivity. Human AQPs are functionally diverse, which are involved in wide variety of non-infectious diseases including cancer, renal dysfunction, neurological disorder, epilepsy, skin disease, metabolic syndrome, and even cardiac diseases. However, the association of AQPs with infectious diseases has not been fully evaluated. Several studies have unveiled that AQPs can be regulated by microbial and parasitic infections that suggest their involvement in microbial pathogenesis, inflammation-associated responses and AQP-mediated cell water homeostasis. This review mainly aims to shed light on the involvement of AQPs in infectious and non-infectious diseases and potential AQPs-target modulators. Furthermore, AQP structures, tissue-specific distributions and their physiological relevance, functional diversity and regulations have been discussed. Altogether, this review would be useful for further investigation of AQPs as a potential therapeutic target for treatment of infectious as well as non-infectious diseases.
Highlights
Aquaporins (AQPs) are channel-forming integral membrane proteins and found in all living organisms from bacteria to human (Agre et al, 1998; Azad et al, 2011b, 2016, 2018, 2021) and even in chlorella virus (Gazzarrini et al, 2006)
Diverged human AQPs are involved in wide variety of non-infectious diseases including cancer, renal dysfunction, neurological disorder, epilepsy, skin disease, metabolic syndrome, and even cardiac diseases (Verkman et al, 2008a,b, 2014; Verkerk et al, 2019)
This study reports that the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from HSV encephalitis (HSVE) patients showed higher levels of AQP9 compared to controls, suggesting AQP9 to be involved in viral spreading and pathogenesis of HSVE (Jennische et al, 2015; Bello-Morales et al, 2020)
Summary
Aquaporins (AQPs) are channel-forming integral membrane proteins and found in all living organisms from bacteria to human (Agre et al, 1998; Azad et al, 2011b, 2016, 2018, 2021) and even in chlorella virus (Gazzarrini et al, 2006). Diverged human AQPs are involved in wide variety of non-infectious diseases including cancer, renal dysfunction, neurological disorder, epilepsy, skin disease, metabolic syndrome, and even cardiac diseases (Verkman et al, 2008a,b, 2014; Verkerk et al, 2019) Growing data suggest their possible involvement in cell volume regulating events associated with various non-infectious diseases (Verkman et al, 2014; Pelagalli et al, 2016; Meli et al, 2018). Dysbiosis of human microbiota imparts significant metabolic and immunologic perturbations on the host leading to many local and systemic diseases (Liang et al, 2018) Both acute and chronic inflammatory processes induced by microbial infections involve disbursement of huge metabolic energy, loss of function, tissue damage and destruction, vascular leakage and hemorrhages (Akıncı et al, 2013; Molinas et al, 2016; Meli et al, 2018). AQPs might have crucial roles for controlling cellular volume and homeostasis in infectious diseases
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