Abstract
Studies described so far suggest that human β-defensin 2 is an important protein of innate immune response which provides protection for the human organism against invading pathogens of bacterial, viral, fungal, as well as parasitical origin. Its pivotal role in enhancing immunity was proved in infants. It may also be considered a marker of inflammation. Its therapeutic administration has been suggested for maintenance of the balance of systemic homeostasis based on the appropriate composition of the microbiota. It has been suggested that it may be an important therapeutic tool for modulating the response of the immune system in many inflammatory diseases, offering new treatment modalities. For this reason, its properties and role in the human body discussed in this review should be studied in more detail.
Highlights
One of the most important components of innate immunity is the ability to synthetize and release small antimicrobial peptides, with proven activity against different pathogens, such as Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as viruses, fungi, or parasites
The structure of hBD-2 consists of 64 amino acids. hBD-2, like other proteins from the defensin family, contains in its structure a folded β-sheet, in which six cysteine residues are involved in the formation of three disulfide bonds, which in turn play a key role in maintaining the proper structural integrity of the protein [7]. hBD-2, similar to hBD-1 and hBD-3, demonstrates positive net charges in its primary structure, but differs between individual defensins. hBD-3 has the highest positive charge (+11), the is hBD-2 with a charge of +6, and the lowest positive charge has
Due to the fact that patients suffering from atopic dermatitis are very exposed to various skin infections [101], the levels of defensins secreted by them may be an important factor influencing the course of disease and possible prevention of infection
Summary
One of the most important components of innate immunity is the ability to synthetize and release small antimicrobial peptides, with proven activity against different pathogens, such as Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as viruses, fungi, or parasites. Ex vivo studies confirmed a significant upregulation of hBD-2 expression in the gastric mucosa of infected patients, while the level of secreted hBD-3 was significantly lowered [44].
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