Abstract
Synthetic mRNA acts as a template for synthesizing proteins, protein fragments, or peptides and now has many pharmaceutical applications.^1,2^ Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel zoonotic RNA virus, has resulted in the rapid development of dedicated mRNA vaccines.^3–5^ This rapid response was made possible by using mRNA platforms that already existed for experimental vaccines against other infectious diseases and cancer.^6–12^ Carrier-based mRNA vaccines have been developed using lipid-based delivery, peptide-based delivery, polymer-based delivery, and cationic nano-emulsions, as well as dendritic cells.^13^ The mRNA vaccine leads to the expression of encoded antigens in antigen-presenting cells (APCs), generating both innate and adaptive immune responses. Future developments in mRNA therapy in oncology are expected to include adaptations in the routes of administration and co-delivery of multiple mRNAs with other anti-cancer treatments, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), radiotherapy, or chemotherapy. In addition, advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology allow the genome, exome, and transcriptome of a single cancer patient to be deciphered. This new knowledge about the diversity of epitopes in different tumors and corresponding specific T cells has allowed the advancement of personalized cancer treatments.^14^ The article aims to present the rationale for the new therapeutic roles of mRNA vaccines, from COVID-19 and other infections to personalized oncology therapeutics.
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