Abstract
Microwave steam distillation (MSD) is an advanced steam distillation (SD) technique utilizing a microwave oven in the extraction process. MSD of essential oils from the peel of orange (Citrus auranticum L.) was studied and the results were compared with those of the conventional SD in terms of extraction time, extraction yield/efficiency, chemical composition, and quality of the essential oils. MSD was superior in terms of saving extraction time (140 min, compared to 7 h in SD) and extraction yield. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of orange peel undergone SD and MSD provided evidences as to a sudden rupture of essential oil glands with MSD. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of the extracted essential oils indicated that the use of microwave irradiation did not adversely influence the composition of the essential oils. The result of this study demonstrate that MSD can be used as an alternative method to extract orange essential oil as growth promoter for fish
Highlights
Owing to the increasing demand for fish and declining fish stocks worldwide, aquaculture has become increasingly necessary and profitable
Comparison of extraction time and extraction yield of orange essential oil Based on the effect of the length of extraction time to orange essential oil yield for a various variables of plant material to solvent ratio, it can be seen that the extraction process has reached a diffusion phase
It can be seen from the decrease in the rate of extraction and fewer orange essential oil obtained during the extraction of entering a time of 4 hour for steam distillation (SD) and 80 minutes for Microwave steam distillation (MSD)
Summary
Owing to the increasing demand for fish and declining fish stocks worldwide, aquaculture has become increasingly necessary and profitable. The growth promoters are natural or synthetic substances, or living organisms that act beneficially in improving the animal body weight gain, feed efficiency ratio, reproductive performance and decreasing mortality [2]. Essential oils are commonly recognized as safe for animals, consumers and the environment for being natural products that have decreased side effects or toxicity and better biodegradability [3], besides good market availability. Extraction is one of the key technologies for sustainable growth of the agro-food industry and economy of the process industry, and often requiring up to 50% of investments in a new plant and more than 70% of total process energy used in food industries [4]. Existing extraction technologies suffer from considerable technological and scientific bottlenecks which are difficult to overcome, such as reduction of energy consumption, and fulfilment of increasingly stringent legal requirements on emissions product/process and materials safety and control
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