Abstract
DNA replication is an integral step in the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) life cycle that is coordinated with the cellular DNA damage response, repair and recombination of the viral genome, and viral gene transcription. HSV-1 encodes its own DNA replication machinery, including an origin binding protein (UL9), single-stranded DNA binding protein (ICP8), DNA polymerase (UL30), processivity factor (UL42), and a helicase/primase complex (UL5/UL8/UL52). In addition, HSV-1 utilizes a combination of accessory viral and cellular factors to coordinate viral DNA replication with other viral and cellular processes. The purpose of this review is to outline the roles of viral and cellular proteins in HSV-1 DNA replication and replication-coupled processes, and to highlight how HSV-1 may modify and adapt cellular proteins to facilitate productive infection.
Highlights
Herpesviruses are a relatively large and diverse group of double-stranded DNA viruses that replicate in the nucleus of host cells
It is within the nucleus that viral and cellular factors interact with the 152 kbp herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) genome to regulate viral DNA replication, transcription of viral genes, and viral genome packaging into capsids
It is not known if UL12 and ICP8 are able to function independently to cause HSV-1 DNA recombination, or if they work with the cell’s recombination machinery [101]
Summary
Herpesviruses are a relatively large and diverse group of double-stranded DNA viruses that replicate in the nucleus of host cells. It is within the nucleus that viral and cellular factors interact with the 152 kbp HSV-1 genome to regulate viral DNA replication, transcription of viral genes, and viral genome packaging into capsids. This review will primarily focus on the mechanisms behind DNA replication of HSV-1 and the potential functions of viral replication fork-associated cellular factors. Interacts with other viral and cellular proteins to promote viral DNA replication [41,42,43,44,45,46] This complex has 5’ to 3’ helicase, ATPase, primase, and DNA binding activities. The potential roles of viral and cellular factors in coordinated regulation are discussed below Both HSV-1 replication and transcription occur within the host cell nucleus. Viral DNA replication plays a central role in viral gene expression and the packaging of progeny virions
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