HPV-associated cancers among people living with HIV: nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study 2004–21 in Estonia

Abstract

Abstract Cancers represent the primary cause of mortality among people living with HIV (PLWH). However, comprehensive nationwide data regarding cancer incidence remains limited. Our objective was to evaluate the incidence rates of cancers, particularly those associated with human papillomavirus (HPV), within a nationwide study cohort. Using data from the Estonian Health Insurance Fund and the National Cancer Registry from 2004 to 2021, we calculated standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) for various cancer types among PLWH to compare to the general population with special emphases on HPV-associated cancers. A total of 7011 individuals (65.7% men) diagnosed with HIV were identified. HPV-associated cancers accounted for 21.4% of all incident cancer cases among PLWH. SIRs for HPV-associated cancers were 3.7 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.2–6.2] among men living with HIV (MLWH) and 5.7 (95% CI 4.0–7.9) among women living with HIV (WLWH). In MLWH, the highest SIRs were for penile 12.5 (95% CI 4.0–38.7), followed by oropharyngeal 3.6 (95% CI 1.7–7.6) and anal–rectal cancers 2.7 (95% CI 1.1–6.4) in comparison to the general population. In WLWH, an increased incidence of cervical (SIR = 5.8, 95% CI 3.9–8.5), oropharyngeal (SIR = 6.1, 95% CI 1.5–24.3), and anal–rectal (SIR = 3.6, 95% CI 1.2–11.2) cancers was observed. A significantly increased risk of AIDS-defining and non-AIDS-defining cancers is reported. We demonstrate a substantially heightened risk of HPV-associated cancers among PLWH compared to the general population, underscoring the imperative for intensified screening and scaled-up vaccination along with improvement in adherence to antiretroviral therapy.