Abstract
ObjectiveWe investigated the association between bacterial microbiota in breast milk and the infant mouth. The influence of human papilloma virus (HPV) infection on infant oral microbiota was also assessed.Material and methodsAltogether 35 breast milk and 35 infant oral samples with known HPV status were selected from the Finnish Family HPV Study cohort. In total, there were 31 mother-infant pairs. The microbiota composition was characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing (V3-V4 region).ResultsHPV DNA was present in 8.6% (3/35) of the breast milk and 40% (14/35) of the infant oral samples. Eight shared genera between breast milk and infant oral were found; these included Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Unclassified Gemellaceae, Rothia, Veillonella, Haemophilus, Propionibacterium and Corynebacterium. HPV status was not associated with either microbiota richness or diversity in the infant mouth. However, the infant oral microbiota clustered in different groups according to HPV status. We detected higher abundance of Veillonella dispar (p = 0.048) at species level in HPV negative infant oral samples. We did not detect differences in the breast milk microbiota composition related to HPV infection due to only three HPV positive milk samples.ConclusionsHPV infection is associated with distinct oral bacterial microbiota composition in infants. The direction of causality underlying the phenomenon remains unclear.
Highlights
The role of the bacterial microbiota in human health and disease has attracted considerable research interest during the last two decades
Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA was present in 8.6% (3/35) of the breast milk and 40% (14/35) of the infant oral samples
The infant oral microbiota clustered in different groups according to HPV status
Summary
The role of the bacterial microbiota in human health and disease has attracted considerable research interest during the last two decades. The most predominant bacteria in human milk include Streptococcaceae and Staphylococcaceae groups followed by Proteobacteria, Pseudomonadaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae[3,4,5,6,7]. Mammas[8] et al (2011) were not able to detect any high-risk HPV types (HR-HPV, including HPV16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 73 and 82) in breast milk samples whereas Sarkola[9] et al (2008) and Yoshida[10] et al (2011) both found HPV16 in 4.0% and 2.5%, of the studied milk samples, respectively. The presence of HPV DNA in mother’s milk is not a risk factor for oral HPV infection in the infant[8,10,11]
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