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Abstract
SummaryHuman papilloma virus (HPV) is a DNA virus consisting of approximately 8000 base pairs. HPV represents the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Around 200 different genotypes exist. They are distinguished into low- and high-risk genotypes, depending on the risk of such HPV-associated lesions undergoing malignant transformation. The high-risk genotypes include HPV 16 and 18, which are responsible for a variety of human cancers. The most common malignancies that are associated with HPV infection are cervical cancer, oropharyngeal cancer and anal cancer. Screening for HPV precursor lesions in women has led to a drastic reduction in cervical cancer morbidity and mortality in the last 30 years. Unfortunately no such screening tests are available for other HPV-associated malignancies. With the advent of HPV vaccination programs a marked decrease in the prevalence of HPV was reached in vaccinated individuals. However, since these programs were initiated around 2009 the full effect on the incidence of HPV-associated cancers cannot be fully estimated yet.
Highlights
HR-Human papilloma virus (HPV) is associated with 90% of cervical and anal carcinomas, 40–60% of vaginal and penile carcinomas and may account for up to 60% of oropharyngeal cancer (OPSCC) depending on the geographic region and sexual preferences [2]
E7 protein interacts with the tumour suppressor retinoblastoma protein (RB) and inhibits its function [5]
The results showed a reduction in the cancer-specific mortality for the combined testing vs. cytology alone (RR 0.59; 95% CI 0.39–0.91) and a decrease in the incidence of cervical cancer in the second round of screening (RR 0.29; 95% CI 0.11–0.73)
Summary
Received: 16 May 2019 / Accepted: 11 November 2019 / Published online: 27 November 2019. They are distinguished into low- and high-risk genotypes, depending on the risk of such HPV-associated lesions undergoing malignant transformation. Screening for HPV precursor lesions in women has led to a drastic reduction in cervical cancer morbidity and mortality in the last 30 years. No such screening tests are available for other HPV-associated malignancies. HPV is a non-enveloped circular double-stranded DNA virus consisting of 8000 base pairs (bp). According to their tissue tropism, HPV is divided into cutaneous and mucosal types.
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