Abstract
Hybrid rice is successfully cultivated in India and, in recent years, the country has released commercial rice hybrids having at least 1 t ha -1 higher yield than inbred checks. The cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) system, also known as the three-line system, is presently the most widely used system for producing F 1 rice hybrids. Although effective, the system is cumbersome because CMS lines require specific maintainer and restorer lines and possess wild abortive (WA) cytoplasm that is vulnerable to biological stresses. On the other hand, the thermosensitive genic male sterility (TGMS) system does not require restorer lines, and the seeds of TGMS lines are multiplies by selfing when exposed to the right temperature at the critical growth stage (in the tropics, 5-15 d after panicle initiation) (Maruyama et al 1990).
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