Abstract
Linum usitatissimum is a candidate as a remedy to treat prostate problems in some folklore medicines. In this study, we have reported the phenolic and flavonoid constituents, antioxidant activity, and potential of the plant extract against prostate cancer cells. The phenolic and flavonoid compound profile of the extract were established using HPLC analysis. While the total phenolic and flavonoid content (TPC and TFC) were analyzed using classic methods. The antioxidant activity of the extract was also evaluated. MTT assay and flow cytometry technique was used to evaluate antiproliferation activity and induction apoptosis of the plant extract on prostate cancer cells of LNCaP. We also evaluated the gene expression of Bax and caspase-3 using the real-time qPCR assay. HPLC result revealed that L. usitatissimum extract (LUE) was rich in phenolic acids such as gallic, ferulic, and vanillic acid with the amount of 3.56, 2.12, 1.24 μg/g extract respectively. 383.4 mg GAE/g and 47.1 mgRuE/g were calculated for total phenolic and flavonoid content. LUE exhibited radical scavenging activity with IC50 = 19.3 ± 1.1 µg/mL. LUE chelated ferrous ions with IC50 = 121.1 ± 1.3 µg/mL. LUE showed anti-proliferative activity on LNCaP cells with the IC50 values of 8.3, 6.3, and 5.4 μg/mL after 24, 48, and 72 h treatment. LUE also increased cell mortality by inducing apoptosis (15.3–29.8%). The real-time qPCR results exhibited an increase in gene expression of Bax and caspase-3. Our in vitro study demonstrates that L. usitatissimum can be considered as an effective agent to inhibit the growth and invasion the human prostate cancer cells.
Highlights
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common form of cancer among males
In this study, we focus on evaluating the antiproliferation and induced apoptosis of the hydroalcoholic extract of L. usitatissimum on the human prostate cancer cells of LNCap
383.4 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g was calculated for total phenolic content (TPC) of the extract; while, 47.1 mgRuE/g was measured for total flavonoid content (TFC) of L. usitatissimum extract
Summary
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common form of cancer among males. But if detected in the early stages, because of the slow progression of the disease, the survival rates are high (Yoo et al 2019; Chen et al 2019). Linum usitatissimum is known with the common name of flax or linseed. Flaxseed is a valuable source of dietary fibers (Nwachukwu and Aluko 2018). The plant seeds are a source of carbohydrates, phenolic, flavonoids compounds, and lignans. Hemicellulose and cellulose are the main carbohydrates; ferulic, chlorogenic, gallic, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acids are the main phenolic compounds; secoisolariciresinol diglucoside is the main lignan, and herbacetin diglucoside is the main flavonoid compound in the plant (Herchi et al 2016; Lazić et al 2018; Garros et al 2018; Fadzir et al 2018). The plant is a good source of minerals such as magnesium, phosphorus, manganese, selenium, and zinc (Calado et al 2018). Some researchers have proposed that flaxseed is a potential agent to reduce the proliferation of breast cancer (Calado et al 2018), colon cancer (DeLuca et al 2018), and skin cancer cells (Sharma et al 2014)
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