HPA axis responses to laboratory psychosocial stress in healthy elderly adults, younger adults, and children: impact of age and gender

Abstract

Data from five independent studies were reanalyzed in order to investigate the impact of age and gender on HPA axis responses to an acute psychosocial laboratory stress task. The total sample consisted of 102 healthy subjects with 30 older adults (mean age: 67.3 y), 41 young adults (mean age: 23.5 y), and 31 children (mean age: 12.1 y). All participants were exposed to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). The stress protocol caused highly significant ACTH and total plasma cortisol responses in older and younger male and female adults (all p<0.0001) as well as salivary free cortisol responses in all six age and gender groups (all p<0.0001). Three-way ANOVAs for repeated measurement were applied to investigate the impact of age and gender on ACTH and cortisol responses. Results showed that the ACTH response to stress was higher in younger adults compared to older adults (main effect: p=0.009, interaction: p=0.06). Post hoc analyses revealed that there was no age effect in the subgroup of women ( p=n.s.), while younger men had higher ACTH responses compared to older men ( p=0.01). For total plasma cortisol, ANOVA results showed that the pattern of reactivity did not differ between age and gender groups (all interactional effects p=n.s.), although older females had hightened overall cortisol levels compared to the other groups, as proofed in post hoc analyses (all p<0.05). For free salivary cortisol, a significant main effect of gender ( p=0.05) and an almost significant three-way-interaction ( p=0.09) emerged. Post hoc analyses showed an elevated overall free salivary cortisol response in elderly men compared to elderly women ( p=0.006), while no gender differences emerged in neither young adults nor children (both p=n.s.). In sum, the stressor induced significant HPA axis responses in all age and gender groups. The observed ACTH response patterns in young and elderly adults may suggest that a heightened hypothalamic drive in young men decreases with age, resulting in similar ACTH responses in elderly men and women. Alternative interpretations are also discussed. The data also supports the idea of a greater adrenal cortex sensitivity to ACTH signals in young females. Free salivary cortisol responses were elevated in elderly men compared to elderly women, an effect which cannot be explained by gender differences in perceived stress responses to the TSST. It can be speculated if corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) and/or sex steroids are important modulators of these effects.