Abstract
Apple replant disease (ARD) is an important problem in the production of apple. The phenolic acid is one of the causes of ARD. How phenolic acid affects the ARD was not well known. In this study, we analyzed the type, concentration and annual dynamic variation of phenolic acid in soil from three replanted apple orchards using an accelerated solvent extraction system with high performance liquid chromatography (ASE-HPLC). We found that the type and concentration of phenolic acid were significantly differed among different seasons, different sampling positions and different soil layers. Major types of phenolic acid in three replanted apple orchards were phlorizin, benzoic acid and vanillic aldehyde. The concentration of phenolic acid was highest in the soil of the previous tree holes and it was increased from the spring to autumn. Moreover, phenolic acid was primarily distributed in 30–60 cm soil layer in the autumn, while it was most abundant in 0–30 cm soil layer in the spring. Our results suggest that phlorizin, benzoic acid and vanillic aldehyde may be the key phenolic acid that brought about ARD in the replanted apple orchard.
Highlights
When an apple orchard ages, orchard renewing and replanting are inevitable
In Ciyao and Jincheng replanted orchards, the types of phenolic acid were more in the inter-rows than in the tree holes or inter-trees, while in the Daolang replanted orchard, most types of phenolic acid were in the tree holes
The types of phenolic acid were more in the 0–30 cm soil layer than in the 30–60 cm soil layer in the replanted orchards of Daolang and Jincheng, while they were same in the 0–30 cm and 30–60 cm layers in replanted orchard of Ciyao
Summary
When an apple orchard ages, orchard renewing and replanting are inevitable. The issues for apple replant disease (ARD) are the syndromes that occur when replanting in the same location, primarily manifesting as slow growth of apple plant shoots, weakened growth or even plant death, and that eventually shorten the life of the apple orchard [1,2]. ARD is a universal challenge in production, causing huge economic losses to farmers and severely constraining the sustainable development of fruit production [3]. Identifying ways to effectively mitigate or overcome ARD has become an important task in the sustainable development of apple production [4]. There are many complex pathogenic factors that cause ARD, and some of the possible factors are variable between the different regions or orchards of the same region [5]. Oomycetes bacteria, and fungi species [4, 5, 8, 9]. Abiotic factors such as soil structure, nutrition, and the PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0167347. Abiotic factors such as soil structure, nutrition, and the PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0167347 December 1, 2016
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