Abstract
Reintroductions have been increasingly used for species restoration and it seems that this conservation tool is going to be more used in the future. Nevertheless, there is not a clear consensus about the better procedure for that, consequently a better knowledge of how to optimize this kind of management is needed. Here we examined the dynamics of released long-lived bird populations (lesser kestrel, Falco naumanni, Bonelli's eagle Aquila fasciata, and bearded vulture Gypaetus barbatus) in object-oriented simulated reintroduction programs. To do that, number of young per year and number of years of released necessary to achieve a successful reintroduced population were calculated. We define a successful reintroduction as one in which when the probability of extinction during two times the maximum live-span period for the species (20, 50, and 64 years respectively) was less than 0.001 (P<0.001) and they showed a positive trend in population size (r>0.00). Results showed that a similar total number of young (mean 98.33±5.26) must be released in all the species in all the scenarios in order to get a successful reintroduction. Consequently, as more young per year are released the new population is going to be larger at the end of the simulations, the lesser the negative effects in the donor population and the lowest the total budget needed will be.
Highlights
The global loss of biodiversity is a well-documented phenomenon, with increasing numbers of species at risk of extinction due to direct or indirect anthropogenic causes, e.g. [1, 2]
In an attempt to improve success in reintroductions projects, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Guidelines for Re-introductions were published in 2013 providing specific policy guidelines for each phase of a reintroduction project [3]
Other authors suggest a series of standards for documenting and monitoring the methods and outcomes associated with reintroduction projects for birds [2, 6]
Summary
The global loss of biodiversity is a well-documented phenomenon, with increasing numbers of species at risk of extinction due to direct or indirect anthropogenic causes, e.g. [1, 2]. The global loss of biodiversity is a well-documented phenomenon, with increasing numbers of species at risk of extinction due to direct or indirect anthropogenic causes, e.g. Management to reduce risk of species extinction includes a wide variety of actions, one of the more intensive of which is reintroduction. Reintroductions are intentional translocations of species into parts of their historically known range from which they have been extirpated [3]. Wildlife reintroductions are becoming increasingly common, being considered to be an important tool for conservation of endangered or threatened species [4, 5]. Other authors suggest a series of standards for documenting and monitoring the methods and outcomes associated with reintroduction projects for birds [2, 6]
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