How to perform confrontational visual fields, tangent screen and manuel kinetic perimetry

Abstract

AbstractNon‐automated visual field testing remains an important clinical skill. Confrontational testing is an important bedside test that can detect subtle hemianopic defects , paticularly when using a red test object. Confrontational and kinetic perimetry are also excellent ways to document a non‐organic origin of severely constricted visual fields. Tangent screen testing and kinetic perimetry are capable of identifying small central defects, particularly those missed on standard automated threshold tests and can delineate thier pattern of defect for purposes of localization. This lecture will review and provide tips on how to perform and interpret these non‐automated forms of perimetry in the appropriate clinical situation.