Abstract
This paper analyses how the total cost of ownership (TCO) of electric light commercial vehicles change with the number of kilometers driven, the period of ownership, the residual value of the battery, and different fiscal incentives, as well as a kilometer charging scheme. This paper demonstrates that a kilometer-based charge and reduced fiscal incentives for conventional vans can drastically improve the TCO of electric commercial light duty vehicles. Second life applications for batteries could also have a strong impact on the TCO of electric vans as they could retrieve a better residual value. Finally, the paper shows that the TCO of electric vans can be optimized based on its usage. These are important findings given the ambitious objective of carbon free city logistics by 2030. Adoption of electric vans remains very low and this paper offers an up to date analysis to stimulate the electrification of light commercial vehicles, a segment that is growing fast in city logistics.
Highlights
Climate change is coming at the top of the political agenda
Adoption of electric vans remains very low and this paper offers an up to date analysis to stimulate the electrification of light commercial vehicles, a segment that is growing fast in city logistics
World ElectriDc iVfefheircelenJtoausrnsualm20p1t9i,o1n0s, 9o0f the total cost of ownership (TCO) model are investigated in this sensitivity analysis
Summary
Climate change is coming at the top of the political agenda. The recent report of the IPCC GIEC reminded the importance of acting if we want to limit impacts of global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre industrial levels [1]. While freight is responsible for about 10–15% of the vehicle kilometers in cities, vans and trucks generate up to 25% of CO2 emissions and 50% of NOx emissions [4]. This result can be explained by the large share of diesel in the light commercial vehicle segment. World Electric Vehicle Journal 2019, 10, 90 where: PV = present value At = amount of one-time cost at a time t I = real discount rate t = time (expressed in number of years). Analysis of every stream of periodic costs; Calculation of the present value of the one-time and the recurring costs; Division of the present value by the number of kilometers during the vehicle lifetime in order to compute a cost per kilometer
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