Abstract
The cemetery is an important element of the city’s natural system. It can create a system that has a great impact on shaping the city’s climate if it is integrated with the local landscape, designed with respect for the natural environment along with other green areas. In the face of negative demographic forecasts, urbanization and suburbanization processes, and climate change, the use of pro-environmental solutions in the development of cemeteries cannot be overestimated. On the basis of analyses of contemporary cemeteries from Europe (78 objects), including Poland (8 objects), a catalog of pro-environmental solutions is developed. The catalog is created based on the proposed functional and spatial model of cemeteries as a multifunctional space, integrating natural and cultural environments. Environmental activities related to the context, burial space, architecture, and other spatial elements, as well as the vegetation of modern cemeteries, are included. Then, in order to increase the environmental values of the cemetery, these solutions were implemented by developing an integrated concept for the project of a multifunctional and ecological municipal cemetery in Gniezno, Poland (the Greater Poland voivodeship).
Highlights
The subject of cemeteries and their design is grossly neglected in Polish studies
Phase 3: Developing of Spatial Concept of the Municipal Cemetery in Gniezno The a4n.1a. lPyros-iesnvoirfon7m8encteaml Seoltuetiroinessufserdoimn EtuhroepesaenlCeecmteetderiEesuropean countries formed the basis for the development of a catalog of pro-environmental solutions, which was verified based on the research carried out at eight contemporary municipal cemeteries in Poland
The obtained information constituted the basis on which the concept of developing the municipal cemetery in Gniezno (Greater Poland Voivodeship) was based
Summary
The subject of cemeteries and their design is grossly neglected in Polish studies. Scientists from various disciplines have been researching and promoting integrated approach in the design of cemeteries and the idea of ecological cemeteries for years [1,2,3,4], while in Poland, this topic is marginalized [5,6,7]. Cemeteries, along with their main function as a burial site, play a number of roles: they serve as sacrum zone [26,27,28], archive, an open-air museum [13,29,30,31], a park [17,32], and an important part of the city’s natural habitat They are considered a reserve of flora and fauna [33,34,35,36,37] and a place of social importance e.g., [18,38,39,40,41,42,43,44] by researchers all over the world, regardless of their cultural background. The conducted analyses of the selected European objects constituting the reference base allowed us to indicate the attributes which should be remarkable for an ecological cemetery These solutions were taken into account when designing the municipal cemetery for the town of Gniezno. The universality of the applied solutions results from working on the cemetery model as a multi-faceted space
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