Abstract
Hot-mix asphalt (HMA) is a composite material consisting of stone-aggregates, sand, asphalt binder and additives. The properties of this combined material are dependent on the volumetric parameters used in the mix design. This study investigates the effects of volumetric mix factors on the dynamic moduli (E*) of eleven categories of HMAs. For each category of asphalt mixture, the variations in dynamic modulus for different contractors, binder types, effective binder content (Vbe), air void (Va), voids-in-mineral aggregates (VMA), voids-filled-with asphalt (VFA) and asphalt content (AC) are assessed statistically. Results show that the S(100) mixture (nominal size of 19 mm, 100 gyrations) with the Performance Grade (PG) binder of PG 64-22 has the highest value of E* at low temperature or high reduced frequency. At high temperature or lower reduced frequency, S(100) PG 76-28 has the highest E* value. The SX(75) mixture (nominal size of 12.5 mm, 75 gyrations) with the binder of PG 64-28 has the lowest E* value at high temperature or lower reduced frequency. At low temperature or high reduced frequency, SX(75) PG 58-34 has the lowest E* value. The Stone Mix Asphalt (SMA) mix has a lower E* compared to S(100) and SX(100) mixes ((nominal size of 12.5 mm, 100 gyrations) with the Performance Grade (PG) binder of) at low temperature. The E* increases with an increase in Vbe, Va, and VFA, and decreases with an increase in VMA and AC. The E* of a mix can vary from 200 ksi (1380 MPa) to about 1000 ksi (6900 MPa) for a particular frequency (10 Hz) and temperature (21.1 °C), even if samples are from the same contractor.
Highlights
Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA) is a viscoelastic composite material consisting of stone-aggregates, sand, viscous asphalt binder and additives
The |E*| of HMA depends on many mix factors: aggregate, binder, air voids, specimen size, etc
The effects of voids-filled-with asphalt (VFA) and asphalt content (AC) on E* are less sensitive compared to Vbe, Va, and VFA
Summary
Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA) is a viscoelastic composite material consisting of stone-aggregates, sand, viscous asphalt binder and additives. The dynamic modulus defines the stress–strain relationship of linear viscoelastic materials like HMA under a continuous sinusoidal loading It is the ratio of the applied peak dynamic stress (σo) to the peak recoverable axial strain (εo) and can be expressed as follows:. Many researchers developed empirical based |E*| models to address these factors and to predict the dynamic modulus of HMA [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10] These models try to predict the |E*| values using the aggregate gradation, viscosity, shear modulus, etc. None of the studies investigated the sensitivity of |E*| to different mix factors such as voids in mineral aggregates (VMA), void-filled with asphalt (VFA), effective binder content (Vbe), contractors, mix gradation, and binder types at a time to have a comprehensive understanding. The total asphalt binder content of the mix that is coated on the aggregate surface (deducting any absorbed binder) is called the effective asphalt content (Vbe)
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