Abstract
This work aims at exploring the potential contribution of the Italian residential sector in implementing load flexibility for Demand Response activities. In detail, by combining experimental and statistical approaches, a method to estimate the load profile of a dwelling cluster of 751 units has been presented. To do so, 14 dwelling archetypes have been defined and the algorithm to categorise the sample units has been built. Then, once the potential flexible loads for each archetype have been evaluated, a control strategy for applying load time shifting has been implemented. That strategy accounts for both the power demand profile and the hourly electricity price. Specifically, it has been assumed that end users access a pricing mechanism following the hourly trend of electricity economic value, which is traded day by day in the Italian spot market, instead of the current Time of Use (TOU) system. In such a way, it is possible to flatten the dwellings cluster profile, limiting undesired and unexpected results on the balancing market. In the end, monthly and yearly flexibility indexes have been defined along with the strategy effectiveness parameter. From calculations, it emerges that a dwelling cluster for the Italian residential sector is characterised by a flexibility index of 10.3% and by a strategy effectiveness equal to 34%. It is noteworthy that the highest values for flexibility purpose have been registered over the heating season (winter) for the weekends.
Highlights
The European Union established the ambitious net zero greenhouse gas emissions target by 2050.Actions heading towards the energy systems decarbonisation can be implemented by the application of energy efficiency measures and by increasing Renewable Energy Sources (RES) penetration [1].large-scale RES integration within electrical systems shows important technical and safety issues, due to the RES non-programmable nature
The results of real data processing associated to the archetype monitoring activities
# 14), profile a third in peak observed associated close the central hours of the archetypes, together with their average trend, which is plotted in red line
Summary
The European Union established the ambitious net zero greenhouse gas emissions target by 2050.Actions heading towards the energy systems decarbonisation can be implemented by the application of energy efficiency measures and by increasing Renewable Energy Sources (RES) penetration [1].large-scale RES integration within electrical systems shows important technical and safety issues, due to the RES non-programmable nature. The European Union established the ambitious net zero greenhouse gas emissions target by 2050. Actions heading towards the energy systems decarbonisation can be implemented by the application of energy efficiency measures and by increasing Renewable Energy Sources (RES) penetration [1]. Large-scale RES integration within electrical systems shows important technical and safety issues, due to the RES non-programmable nature. As a consequence, figuring out, effectively, the energy supply and demand matching will play a key role in the near future [2]. In order to stabilize the grid, several technical options are currently available. A growing level of system flexibility will become necessary to reduce the purchase cost of electricity in the spot market. Adding new Energies 2020, 13, 3359; doi:10.3390/en13133359 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies
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