Abstract
Pieter Muysken’s work since the late 1970s on Northern Quechua has suggested the possibility that grammatical structure may be restructured due to contact in a gradual, rather than an abrupt, fashion (cf. Muysken 1977, 1980, 2000, but especially Muysken 2009, which develops ideas found in Arends 1993, 1996, and also Cardoso 2009). Additionally, he has proposed that such a “gradual transformation of an expansion language, Incaic imperial Quechua, into a morphologically more simple variety as it spread northward into Ecuador” (Muysken 2009: 77) is best seen as showing not only contact-induced change without substrate influence (“koineization”) but also contact-induced change with substrate influence (“creolization”), and has offered some likely candidates for this development of Ecuadorian Quechua (henceforth EQ):
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