Abstract
Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is performed to relieve pain caused by degenerative disk disease and nerve obstruction. As an alternative to bone graft, autologous concentrated bone marrow aspirate (CBMA) is used to achieve vertebral fusion with a satisfactory success rate. This has been attributed in part to bone marrow-resident mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) with the capacity to differentiate into osteoblasts and generate bone tissue. To date, there has been no study comparing cellular yields, MSC frequencies and their osteogenic potential with ACDF outcome. Patients (n = 24) received ACDF with CBMA and allograft bone matrix. Colony forming unit fibroblast (CFU-F) and CFU-osteoblasts (CFU-O) assays were performed on CBMA samples to enumerate MSCs (CFU-F) and osteogenic MSCs (CFU-O). CFUs were normalized to CBMA volume to define yield and also to mononuclear cells (MNC) to define frequency. After 1-year, fusion rates were good (86.7%) with pain and disability improved. There was a negative relationship between MNC and CFU-F measurements with age of patient and CFU-Os negatively correlated with age in females but not males. Tobacco use did not affect CBMA but was associated with poorer clinical outcome. Surprisingly, we found that while high-grade fusion was not associated with CFU-O, it correlated strongly (p<0.0067) with CBMA containing the lowest frequencies of CFU-F (3.0x10-6–5.83x10-5 CFU-F/MNC). MNC levels alone were not responsible for the results. These observations suggest that osteogenesis by human bone marrow is controlled by homeostatic ratio of MSCs to other cellular bone marrow components rather than absolute level of osteogenic MSCs, and that a lower ratio of MSCs to other cellular components in marrow tends to predict effective osteogenesis during ACDF. The results presented herein challenge the current dogma surrounding the proposed mechanism of MSCs in bone healing.
Highlights
Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) remains the mainstay of surgical treatment for patients with nerve compression due to narrowing of the vertebral channels that harbor the nerves of the spinal column caused by excessive bone growth and intervertebral disk herniation [1]
mononuclear cells (MNC) recovery and CFU measurements have the capacity to vary by 2 orders of magnitude between donors (Table 1)
We found that while MNC recovery and CFU yields were unaffected by gender, Colony forming unit fibroblast (CFU-F) frequency was significantly higher in females than in males (p = 0.0308, Fig 3E) and MNC recoveries or age did not to account for the observation
Summary
Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) remains the mainstay of surgical treatment for patients with nerve compression due to narrowing of the vertebral channels that harbor the nerves of the spinal column caused by excessive bone growth and intervertebral disk herniation [1]. The resulting void is filled to restore the physiological height of the vertebral column using a variety of materials, such as iliac crest autograft, cadaveric bone allograft, synthetic scaffolds such as hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate, and interbody cages [2]. This is frequently supplemented by synthetic plating to aid in supporting the construct during the bony fusion process. Multiple studies have shown that BMA used in combination with a synthetic scaffold in spinal fusion surgeries have high fusion rates [8,9,10,11]
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