How species interact: altering the standard view on trophic ecology

Abstract

Preface 1. Alternative theories of trophic interaction 1.1 Monod vs. Contois: resource-dependent and ratio-dependent bacteria 1.2 standard predator-prey model of ecology 1.3 Arditi-Ginzburg ratio-dependent model 1.4 Donor control and ratio dependence 1.5 Predator-dependent models 1.6 What happens at low consumer density? gradual interference hypothesis 1.7 Biomass conversion 2. Direct measurements of the functional response 2.1 Insect predators and parasitoids, snails, fish, and others: laboratory measurements 2.1.1 Manipulating the consumer density alone 2.1.2 Measuring interference in the presence of a saturating functional response 2.1.3 Arditi-Akcakaya predator-dependent model 2.1.4 Application to literature data 2.1.5 Does interference increase gradually? 2.2 Wasps and chrysomelids: a field experiment 2.3 Wolves and moose: field observations 2.3.1 Wolf social structure and spatial scales 2.3.2 Model fitting and model selection methods 2.3.3 wolf-moose functional response is ratio-dependent 2.4 Additional direct tests of ratio dependence 2.4.1 Bark beetles 2.4.2 Shrimps 2.4.3 Egg parasitoids 2.4.4 Benthic flatworms 2.5 Identifying the functional response in time series 3. Indirect evidence: food chain equilibria 3.1 Cascading responses to harvesting at the top of the food chain 3.2 Enrichment response when the number of trophic levels is fixed 3.3 Enrichment response when the number of trophic levels increases with enrichment 3.4 paradox of enrichment 3.5 Donor control and stability of food webs 3.6 Why the world is green 4. How gradual interference and ratio dependence emerge 4.1 Experimental evidence of the role of predator clustering 4.1.1 A microcosm experiment with cladocerans 4.1.2 Predator aggregations lead to ratio dependence 4.2 Refuges and donor control 4.2.1 A simple exploratory theoretical model 4.2.2 From donor control to ratio dependence 4.3 role of directed movements in the formation of population spatial structures 4.3.1 Self-organization due to accelerated movement 4.3.2 Spatially-structured predator-prey systems 4.3.3 Generalization 4.4 Ratio dependence and biological control 4.4.1 biological control paradox 4.4.2 Trophotaxis and biological control 4.5 Emergence of gradual interference: an individual-based approach 4.5.1 A qualitative model based on predator home ranges 4.5.2 An individual-based model based on trophotaxis 5. ratio dependence controversy 5.1 How interference estimates can be wrong 5.2 paradox of enrichment and the cascading enrichment response: Is there any evidence that they exist? 5.3 fallacy of instantism 5.4 Are population cycles really caused by predation? 5.5 Mechanistic vs. phenomenological theories 5.6 The truth is always in the middle: How much truth is in this statement? 6. It must be beautiful 6.1 Scale invariance and symmetries 6.2 Kolmogorov's insight 6.3 Akcakaya's ratio-dependent model for lynx-hare cycling 6.4 limit myth Appendices 3.A Food chain responses to increased primary production 3.A.1 Prey-dependent four-level food chain 3.A.2 Ratio-dependent three-level food chain 3.B Cascading response in the ratio-dependent model 6.A How a revised ecology textbook could look References