How Small Can a Catenane Be?

Abstract

Catenanes are playing an increasingly important role in supramolecular chemistry. In attempting to identify the minimum number of carbon atoms in a viable catenane, the B3LYP, BP86, M06-2X, MM3, and MM4 methods were applied to study representative [2]catenane models, which consist of two mechanically interlocked saturated n-cycloalkanes ([CnH2n]2). The structures, energy variations, and electron density differences vary nearly monotonically from n = 18 to 11. For example, the B3LYP/DZP++ dissociation energies [CnH2n]2 → 2CnH2n are 101, 121, 159, 191, 222, 252, 290, and 323 kcal/mol from n = 18 to 11, respectively. However, there is much variation among the energetic predictions with the B3LYP, BP86, M06-2X, MM3, and MM4 methods. The distances of the longest C-C single bond in each catenane are 1.593 (n = 18), 1.604 (n = 17), 1.631 (n = 16), 1.640 (n = 15), 1.667 (n = 14), 1.669 (n = 13), 1.680 (n = 12), and 1.689 Å (n = 11). These results display something of a shoulder in the vicinity of n = 14. This may suggest that [C15H30]2 is the smallest catenane that will resist fragmentation under specified laboratory conditions.