How should occupational anaphylaxis be investigated and managed?

Abstract

Anaphylaxis is a systemic allergic reaction that can be life-threatening or fatal and can result from work-related exposures. This review study focuses on the assessment, main triggers, and management of occupational anaphylaxis. Exposed workers can be sensitized through inhalation and skin contact, and the risks increase with penetration of the allergen through the skin. The main eliciting agents of occupational anaphylaxis include stinging insects and animal bites, natural rubber latex and other vegetable allergens, food products, and drugs. Workers sensitized to occupational allergens may also develop anaphylaxis outside the work environment from exposure to the same or to cross-reacting allergens. Cofactors at work such as exercise may increase the risk. The relevant medical records and laboratory tests (e.g. tryptase) performed during the episode should be reviewed. It is very important to confirm the diagnosis and to identify the specific trigger of anaphylaxis. Component-resolved diagnosis may help in the identification of primary sensitizers or cross-reactive allergens. Adrenaline must be administered to all patients experiencing anaphylaxis. Removal from exposure is mandatory to prevent further episodes. A written emergency management plan, health and safety education, and training and surveillance should be enforced in occupations at greater risk.