How Satiating Are the 'Satiety' Peptides: A Problem of Pharmacology versus Physiology in the Development of Novel Foods for Regulation of Food Intake.

Jia Jiet Lim,Sally D Poppitt

doi:10.3390/nu11071517

Abstract

Developing novel foods to suppress energy intake and promote negative energy balance and weight loss has been a long-term but commonly unsuccessful challenge. Targeting regulation of appetite is of interest to public health researchers and industry in the quest to develop ‘functional’ foods, but poor understanding of the underpinning mechanisms regulating food intake has hampered progress. The gastrointestinal (GI) or ‘satiety’ peptides including cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) secreted following a meal, have long been purported as predictive biomarkers of appetite response, including food intake. Whilst peptide infusion drives a clear change in hunger/fullness and eating behaviour, inducing GI-peptide secretion through diet may not, possibly due to modest effects of single meals on peptide levels. We conducted a review of 70 dietary preload (DIET) and peptide infusion (INFUSION) studies in lean healthy adults that reported outcomes of CCK, GLP-1 and PYY. DIET studies were acute preload interventions. INFUSION studies showed that minimum increase required to suppress ad libitum energy intake for CCK, GLP-1 and PYY was 3.6-, 4.0- and 3.1-fold, respectively, achieved through DIET in only 29%, 0% and 8% of interventions. Whether circulating ‘thresholds’ of peptide concentration likely required for behavioural change can be achieved through diet is questionable. As yet, no individual or group of peptides can be measured in blood to reliably predict feelings of hunger and food intake. Developing foods that successfully target enhanced secretion of GI-origin ‘satiety’ peptides for weight loss remains a significant challenge.

Highlights

Developing novel foods that can enhance satiety and reduce overconsumption in overweight individuals is an important target in the quest for weight loss
This review presents data on baseline and peak concentration in addition to fold change in 3 key circulating peptides, i.e., CCK, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY), in response to both peptide infusion and consumption of a meal in healthy adults
Long-term weight loss remains an unattainable goal for many individuals, despite the considerable resource invested in the development of dietary products and strategies for treatment of obesity

Summary

Introduction

Developing novel foods that can enhance satiety and reduce overconsumption in overweight individuals is an important target in the quest for weight loss. It has long been proposed that the satiating effect of a food can be optimised by modifying components including the macronutrient composition and physicochemical structural properties [1], and clearly novel food products where efficacy can be demonstrated are likely to be of both public health and commercial value in the current environment. A better understanding of the causal mechanisms that regulate food intake is required to progress this area. Despite a significant and growing literature, fundamental questions regarding the physiological regulation of food intake remain unanswered. The focus of this review is the gastrointestinal (GI)-derived, or commonly termed ‘satiety’, peptides, which include cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY).

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