Abstract
BackgroundIn order to generate biofuels, insoluble cellulosic substrates are pretreated and subsequently hydrolyzed with cellulases. One way to pretreat cellulose in a safe and environmentally friendly manner is to apply, under mild conditions, non-hydrolyzing proteins such as swollenin - naturally produced in low yields by the fungus Trichoderma reesei. To yield sufficient swollenin for industrial applications, the first aim of this study is to present a new way of producing recombinant swollenin. The main objective is to show how swollenin quantitatively affects relevant physical properties of cellulosic substrates and how it affects subsequent hydrolysis.ResultsAfter expression in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis, the resulting swollenin was purified. The adsorption parameters of the recombinant swollenin onto cellulose were quantified for the first time and were comparable to those of individual cellulases from T. reesei. Four different insoluble cellulosic substrates were then pretreated with swollenin. At first, it could be qualitatively shown by macroscopic evaluation and microscopy that swollenin caused deagglomeration of bigger cellulose agglomerates as well as dispersion of cellulose microfibrils (amorphogenesis). Afterwards, the effects of swollenin on cellulose particle size, maximum cellulase adsorption and cellulose crystallinity were quantified. The pretreatment with swollenin resulted in a significant decrease in particle size of the cellulosic substrates as well as in their crystallinity, thereby substantially increasing maximum cellulase adsorption onto these substrates. Subsequently, the pretreated cellulosic substrates were hydrolyzed with cellulases. Here, pretreatment of cellulosic substrates with swollenin, even in non-saturating concentrations, significantly accelerated the hydrolysis. By correlating particle size and crystallinity of the cellulosic substrates with initial hydrolysis rates, it could be shown that the swollenin-induced reduction in particle size and crystallinity resulted in high cellulose hydrolysis rates.ConclusionsRecombinant swollenin can be easily produced with the robust yeast K. lactis. Moreover, swollenin induces deagglomeration of cellulose agglomerates as well as amorphogenesis (decrystallization). For the first time, this study quantifies and elucidates in detail how swollenin affects different cellulosic substrates and their hydrolysis.
Highlights
In order to generate biofuels, insoluble cellulosic substrates are pretreated and subsequently hydrolyzed with cellulases
The recombinant swollenin was heterologously expressed by using the yeast K. lactis as expression host [55]
An intense protein band at about 80 kDa could be observed in the supernatant of the transformed clone which corresponds to the size of native swollenin from T. reesei [50]
Summary
In order to generate biofuels, insoluble cellulosic substrates are pretreated and subsequently hydrolyzed with cellulases. Besides enzyme-related factors (for example, enzyme inactivation and product inhibition) [10], the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose is limited by its physical properties [11,12,13,14] These properties, in particular, are the degree of polymerization, accessibility and crystallinity [15,16,17,18]. For high cellulose hydrolysis rates and yields, cellulose accessibility needs to be increased and, its crystallinity reduced [30,31] To achieve this and improve subsequent hydrolysis, pretreatment techniques are essential [6,14,16,32]
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